eeeaabd20182ae832b044cec5f724119 sustainability_a2022v14n7p4139.pdf 4ae60b7630e337951f03a96b168c20fe113f3e08 sustainability_a2022v14n7p4139.pdf 397fe9939f8d88b0aaae545c04a9363d54b2c3d05c8130a68d03b8e096e7e4ff sustainability_a2022v14n7p4139.pdf Title: Assessing Environmental Performance of Micromobility Using LCA and Self-Reported Modal Change: The Case of Shared E-Bikes, E-Scooters, and E-Mopeds in Barcelona Subject: Micromobility is often thought of as a sustainable solution to many urban mobility challenges. The literature to date, however, has struggled to find consensus on the sustainability of shared and electric scooters, e-bikes, and e-mopeds. This paper uses a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to calculate the impacts of micromobility modes in three categories: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Particulate Matter Formation, and Ozone Formation. It does so by incorporating the self-reported modal change of each transportation mode: shared e-moped, shared e-bicycle, shared bicycle, and personal e-scooter. The results show that modal change brought by the introduction of shared e-mopeds and shared e-bicycles caused an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while shared bicycles and personal electric scooters decreased GHG emissions. All micromobility modes except personal e-scooters increased particulate matter emissions, but decreased those which were emitted within the city, while they all decreased NOx. The findings of this study suggest new micromobility services are not always the best environmental solution for urban mobility, unless the eco-design of vehicles is improved, and they are strategically used and deployed as part of a holistic vision for transport policy. Keywords: micromobility; shared mobility; modal change; life cycle assessment; environmental performance; greenhouse gas emissions; public health; two-wheeled vehicles Author: Pol Felipe-Falgas, Cristina Madrid-Lopez and Oriol Marquet Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Mar 31 09:43:39 2022 CEST ModDate: Thu Mar 31 09:47:32 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2808546 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- ZKMYPO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZTPUTR+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 YTPXBL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 ODKJFF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 32 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 40 0 IZBVAO+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 52 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 92 0 SOSCBV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 96 0 QQXUPP+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 100 0 ZUEDQO+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 150 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-04-22 02:24:55 CEST RepresentationInformation: sustainability_a2022v14n7p4139.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-04-01 11:17:15 CEST Size: 2808546 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 365 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Literature Review Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Children: Item: Title: Survey Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: LCA Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Children: Item: Title: Reference Units and Processes Included Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Impact Assessment Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Calculation of the Impact of the Modal Change Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Children: Item: Title: Mode Replacement of Micromobility Users in Barcelona Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: LCA Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Children: Item: Title: Global Warming Potential Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Health Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Modal Change Environmental Impact Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Children: Item: Title: Effect of Modal Change on the Global Warming Potential of the Transportation Sector Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Effect of Modal Change on Particulate Matter and Ozone Formation Potential Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Info: Title: Assessing Environmental Performance of Micromobility Using LCA and Self-Reported Modal Change: The Case of Shared E-Bikes, E-Scooters, and E-Mopeds in Barcelona Author: Pol Felipe-Falgas, Cristina Madrid-Lopez and Oriol Marquet Subject: Micromobility is often thought of as a sustainable solution to many urban mobility challenges. The literature to date, however, has struggled to find consensus on the sustainability of shared and electric scooters, e-bikes, and e-mopeds. This paper uses a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to calculate the impacts of micromobility modes in three categories: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Particulate Matter Formation, and Ozone Formation. It does so by incorporating the self-reported modal change of each transportation mode: shared e-moped, shared e-bicycle, shared bicycle, and personal e-scooter. The results show that modal change brought by the introduction of shared e-mopeds and shared e-bicycles caused an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while shared bicycles and personal electric scooters decreased GHG emissions. All micromobility modes except personal e-scooters increased particulate matter emissions, but decreased those which were emitted within the city, while they all decreased NOx. The findings of this study suggest new micromobility services are not always the best environmental solution for urban mobility, unless the eco-design of vehicles is improved, and they are strategically used and deployed as part of a holistic vision for transport policy. Keywords: micromobility; shared mobility; modal change; life cycle assessment; environmental performance; greenhouse gas emissions; public health; two-wheeled vehicles Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Mar 31 09:43:39 CEST 2022 ModDate: Thu Mar 31 09:47:32 CEST 2022 ID: 0x3dcc33d4c113fdceff48e4dfd16fbea7, 0x3dcc33d4c113fdceff48e4dfd16fbea7 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: SOSCBV+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 2 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOSCBV+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: YTPXBL+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: YTPXBL+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QQXUPP+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 229 LastChar: 229 FontDescriptor: FontName: QQXUPP+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: ZUEDQO+VnURWPalladioL-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 177 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZUEDQO+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ODKJFF+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 231 FontDescriptor: FontName: ODKJFF+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ZKMYPO+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZKMYPO+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: JHYTSG+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 61 LastChar: 61 FontDescriptor: FontName: JHYTSG+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: ZTPUTR+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZTPUTR+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 54, 323, 152, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 313, 71, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 177, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 642, 130, 655 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 642, 255, 655 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 270, 529, 279 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 245, 442, 254 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 233, 453, 242 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 208, 263, 217 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 207, 271, 217 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 145, 390, 154 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 107, 437, 116 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 69, 449, 78 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 134, 17, 266, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 432, 86, 451 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 710, 379, 719 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 685, 443, 694 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 673, 479, 682 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 648, 362, 657 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 622, 318, 631 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 188, 597, 195, 606 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 434, 480, 443 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 434, 495, 443 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 542, 371, 554, 380 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 346, 320, 355 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 308, 353, 317 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 308, 475, 317 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 271, 296, 280 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 258, 325, 267 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 258, 556, 267 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 82, 370, 91 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 82, 459, 91 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 70, 239, 79 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 685, 234, 694 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 597, 306, 606 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 94, 439, 103 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 94, 452, 103 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 81, 543, 90 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 81, 555, 90 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 69, 264, 78 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 69, 276, 78 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 723, 375, 732 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 307, 494, 314, 506 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 179, 372, 188 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 78, 419, 87 ActionDest: 144 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 710, 237, 719 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 685, 512, 694 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 622, 261, 631 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 622, 274, 631 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 610, 403, 619 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 597, 366, 606 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 572, 369, 581 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 535, 220, 544 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 535, 232, 544 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 535, 245, 544 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 509, 397, 519 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 422, 347, 431 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 384, 241, 393 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 208, 383, 217 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 183, 212, 192 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 158, 369, 167 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 145, 556, 154 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 133, 365, 142 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 673, 294, 682 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 584, 333, 594 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 534, 345, 543 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 472, 242, 481 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 446, 337, 455 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 434, 437, 443 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 283, 323, 292 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 220, 497, 229 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 170, 268, 179 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 157, 535, 166 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 473, 132, 485, 141 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 95, 498, 104 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 736, 534, 744 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 434, 723, 446, 732 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 710, 278, 719 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 673, 202, 682 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 673, 405, 682 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 673, 417, 682 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 660, 409, 669 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 635, 421, 644 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 622, 491, 631 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 610, 532, 619 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 522, 477, 531 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 459, 321, 468 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 447, 511, 455 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 446, 524, 455 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 371, 216, 380 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 293, 505, 305 ActionDest: 104 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 517, 542, 526 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 517, 556, 526 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 454, 258, 463 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 391, 364, 400 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 391, 377, 400 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 391, 389, 400 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 312, 223, 324 ActionDest: 107 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 380, 207, 392 ActionDest: 107 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 532, 284, 544 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 532, 294, 544 ActionDest: 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 481, 556, 493 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 444, 351, 456 ActionDest: 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 331, 494, 343 ActionDest: 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 514, 331, 521, 343 ActionDest: 122 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 666, 278, 678 ActionDest: 107 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 390, 510, 402 ActionDest: 107 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 365, 369, 377 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 314, 344, 326 ActionDest: 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 91, 325, 100 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 91, 338, 100 ActionDest: 154 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 660, 438, 669 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 660, 451, 669 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 635, 219, 644 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 572, 259, 581 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 572, 271, 581 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 359, 543, 368 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 359, 556, 368 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 334, 498, 343 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 296, 283, 305 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 271, 319, 280 ActionDest: 154 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 496, 560, 507 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 484, 370, 495 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 131, 237, 142 ActionDest: 74 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 556, 96, 566 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 520, 274, 531 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 520, 317, 531 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 497, 419, 508 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 474, 277, 485 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 451, 303, 462 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 429, 151, 439 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 417, 431, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 394, 328, 405 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 371, 560, 382 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 359, 170, 370 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 336, 204, 347 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 325, 557, 336 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 268, 229, 278 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 244, 303, 255 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 198, 309, 209 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 175, 266, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 338, 152, 375, 163 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 130, 141, 140 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 95, 303, 106 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 72, 243, 83 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 711, 155, 721 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 687, 472, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 664, 302, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 596, 160, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 573, 96, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 549, 323, 560 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 492, 146, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 457, 560, 468 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 445, 555, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 422, 436, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 388, 444, 399 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 376, 560, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 365, 416, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 353, 456, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 85, 330, 560, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 319, 251, 330 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 307, 561, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 392, 261, 560, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 250, 414, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 205, 96, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 192, 560, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 181, 99, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 169, 406, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 158, 367, 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 135, 557, 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 89, 278, 100 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 688, 96, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 664, 383, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 641, 230, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 619, 400, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 595, 481, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 572, 386, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 549, 362, 560 Checksum: 9bf0f043 Type: CRC32 Checksum: eeeaabd20182ae832b044cec5f724119 Type: MD5 Checksum: 4ae60b7630e337951f03a96b168c20fe113f3e08 Type: SHA-1