e774c7a925f782960cb1a2cf2e5a4bec appsci_a2022v12n3p1568.pdf 41753073a12776b2e65f43d890e6163b42ad6de5 appsci_a2022v12n3p1568.pdf 8a08c69ed3b91f4849d777c03b58091e9c7359101398db155232fad27af0c1c4 appsci_a2022v12n3p1568.pdf Title: An Intelligent Radiomic Approach for Lung Cancer Screening Subject: The efficiency of lung cancer screening for reducing mortality is hindered by the high rate of false positives. Artificial intelligence applied to radiomics could help to early discard benign cases from the analysis of CT scans. The available amount of data and the fact that benign cases are a minority, constitutes a main challenge for the successful use of state of the art methods (like deep learning), which can be biased, over-fitted and lack of clinical reproducibility. We present an hybrid approach combining the potential of radiomic features to characterize nodules in CT scans and the generalization of the feed forward networks. In order to obtain maximal reproducibility with minimal training data, we propose an embedding of nodules based on the statistical significance of radiomic features for malignancy detection. This representation space of lesions is the input to a feed forward network, which architecture and hyperparameters are optimized using own-defined metrics of the diagnostic power of the whole system. Results of the best model on an independent set of patients achieve 100% of sensitivity and 83% of specificity (AUC = 0.94) for malignancy detection. Keywords: lung cancer; early diagnosis; screening; neural networks; image embedding; architecture optimization Author: Guillermo Torres, Sonia Baeza, Carles Sanchez, Ignasi Guasch, Antoni Rosell, Debora Gil Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Feb 10 02:35:12 2022 CET ModDate: Thu Feb 10 03:15:04 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 947744 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YBUILS+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 TXGZTJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 HGBGUP+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 27 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 31 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 35 0 CRVMKC+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 47 0 EUSVVS+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 72 0 HVSBKL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 83 0 SOSTRQ+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 87 0 RXNEKG+MSAM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 99 0 CXCQKV+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 103 0 TZTQCN+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 107 0 RLYTRW+CMMI10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 123 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-06-03 02:30:24 CEST RepresentationInformation: appsci_a2022v12n3p1568.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-04-21 10:41:26 CEST Size: 947744 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 281 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Dataset Description Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Methodology Description Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Nodule Extraction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Nodule Embedding Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Nodule Diagnosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Network Optimization Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Children: Item: Title: Model Optimization Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Model Verification Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Info: Title: An Intelligent Radiomic Approach for Lung Cancer Screening Author: Guillermo Torres, Sonia Baeza, Carles Sanchez, Ignasi Guasch, Antoni Rosell, Debora Gil Subject: The efficiency of lung cancer screening for reducing mortality is hindered by the high rate of false positives. Artificial intelligence applied to radiomics could help to early discard benign cases from the analysis of CT scans. The available amount of data and the fact that benign cases are a minority, constitutes a main challenge for the successful use of state of the art methods (like deep learning), which can be biased, over-fitted and lack of clinical reproducibility. We present an hybrid approach combining the potential of radiomic features to characterize nodules in CT scans and the generalization of the feed forward networks. In order to obtain maximal reproducibility with minimal training data, we propose an embedding of nodules based on the statistical significance of radiomic features for malignancy detection. This representation space of lesions is the input to a feed forward network, which architecture and hyperparameters are optimized using own-defined metrics of the diagnostic power of the whole system. Results of the best model on an independent set of patients achieve 100% of sensitivity and 83% of specificity (AUC = 0.94) for malignancy detection. Keywords: lung cancer; early diagnosis; screening; neural networks; image embedding; architecture optimization Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Feb 10 02:35:12 CET 2022 ModDate: Thu Feb 10 03:15:04 CET 2022 ID: 0x724f5fb08052645ae5ada5925fcb559f, 0x724f5fb08052645ae5ada5925fcb559f Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1682 ImageHeight: 1626 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: HGBGUP+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: HGBGUP+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: HVSBKL+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 68 LastChar: 229 FontDescriptor: FontName: HVSBKL+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: RXNEKG+MSAM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 88 LastChar: 88 FontDescriptor: FontName: RXNEKG+MSAM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: 8, -463, 1331, 1003 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: SOSTRQ+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 93 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOSTRQ+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: CXCQKV+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 68 LastChar: 117 FontDescriptor: FontName: CXCQKV+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: EUSVVS+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 50 FontDescriptor: FontName: EUSVVS+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: YBUILS+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: YBUILS+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: TZTQCN+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 107 FontDescriptor: FontName: TZTQCN+CMEX10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -24, -2960, 1454, 772 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: RLYTRW+CMMI10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 60 LastChar: 60 FontDescriptor: FontName: RLYTRW+CMMI10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -250, 1048, 750 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: TXGZTJ+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: TXGZTJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 335, 152, 344 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 323, 103, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 175, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 128, 679, 139, 693 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 679, 226, 693 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 679, 316, 693 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 679, 500, 693 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 669, 129, 680 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 268, 556, 277 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 256, 508, 265 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 243, 455, 252 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 130, 472, 139 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 80, 323, 89 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 120, 17, 258, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 396, 86, 415 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 723, 269, 732 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 597, 417, 606 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 597, 424, 606 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 572, 292, 581 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 484, 474, 493 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 409, 250, 418 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 359, 251, 368 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 309, 393, 318 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 258, 311, 267 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 233, 392, 242 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 221, 285, 230 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 208, 432, 217 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 133, 556, 142 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 293, 120, 305, 129 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 120, 317, 129 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 120, 400, 129 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 120, 415, 129 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 108, 309, 117 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 83, 438, 92 ActionDest: 134 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 685, 281, 694 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 270, 275, 279 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 270, 288, 279 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 268, 328, 280 ActionDest: 69 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 695, 213, 707 ActionDest: 76 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 683, 325, 695 ActionDest: 76 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 414, 224, 426 ActionDest: 79 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 366, 400, 375 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 215, 439, 224 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 215, 452, 224 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 102, 454, 111 ActionDest: 134 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 315, 425, 324 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 252, 492, 261 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 239, 522, 249 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 239, 537, 249 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 97, 213, 106 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 97, 225, 106 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 59, 474, 69 ActionDest: 134 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 450, 368, 457, 377 ActionDest: 96 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 277, 218, 289 ActionDest: 96 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 173, 453, 189 ActionDest: 96 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 654, 512, 663 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 301, 639, 308, 651 ActionDest: 114 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 564, 309, 572 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 325, 535, 334 ActionDest: 69 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 285, 498, 297 ActionDest: 96 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 225, 559, 234 ActionDest: 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 210, 197, 222 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 210, 393, 222 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 197, 220, 209 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 197, 458, 209 ActionDest: 111 Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 670, 419, 679 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 670, 431, 679 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 307, 569, 314, 578 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 569, 413, 578 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 569, 499, 578 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 569, 514, 578 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 238, 252, 250 ActionDest: 120 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 200, 219, 212 ActionDest: 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 552, 191, 558, 200 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 175, 353, 187 ActionDest: 128 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 661, 249, 670 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 632, 247, 641 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 603, 243, 612 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 591, 258, 600 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 579, 244, 588 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 567, 247, 576 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 555, 243, 564 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 543, 246, 552 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 355, 493, 367 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 330, 451, 342 ActionDest: 128 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 586, 560, 597 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 575, 202, 586 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 575, 560, 586 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 564, 211, 574 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 335, 507, 346 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 335, 549, 346 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 313, 150, 323 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 313, 193, 323 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 146, 290, 183, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 290, 226, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 266, 306, 277 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 243, 420, 254 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 220, 438, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 159, 197, 196, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 174, 432, 185 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 82, 237, 93 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 59, 292, 70 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 699, 405, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 172, 676, 210, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 584, 318, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 350, 560, 388, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 527, 96, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 527, 138, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 503, 557, 514 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 135, 469, 173, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 445, 419, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 135, 423, 173, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 400, 165, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 365, 298, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 365, 340, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 331, 96, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 331, 138, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 296, 228, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 296, 270, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 173, 227, 210, 238 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 227, 252, 238 Checksum: 0b22117d Type: CRC32 Checksum: e774c7a925f782960cb1a2cf2e5a4bec Type: MD5 Checksum: 41753073a12776b2e65f43d890e6163b42ad6de5 Type: SHA-1