59a20852850a8fd673a7c44548c3bbc3 women_a2022v2n2p135.pdf 6402cf30dad17f36513cfa1f63a4ad19c048d4ff women_a2022v2n2p135.pdf e88ecd080ed82ce9f512dc539c3cf62f7874488b6c4f19c527e54bb852a4e480 women_a2022v2n2p135.pdf Title: Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis Subject: A protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of menarche, measuring their effects on symptoms, cognition, social cognition, and metacognition. As it was not possible to directly measure cumulative estrogen levels over the lifetime of a patient, the study sample was composed of 42 women with first-episode psychosis; estrogen levels were inferred by the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and menarche. All patients were assessed with a battery of questionnaires using the BDI, PSYRATS, PANSS, STROOP, TAVEC, WSCT, IPSAQ, and BCIS questionnaires. The results related to menstrual cycle length showed a relationship with memory; specifically, shorter cycles with semantic strategies (p = 0.046) and longer cycles with serial strategies in the short term (p = 0.005) as well as in the long term (p = 0.031). The results also showed a relationship with perseverative errors (p = 0.035) and self-certainty (p = 0.049). Only personalized bias (p = 0.030) was found to be significant in relation to the age at menarche. When analyzing the differences in years of difference between the age at menarche and the onset of psychotic symptoms, the results indicated lower scores in women with a smaller difference between both events in memory (short-term (p = 0.050), long-term (p = 0.024), intrusions (p = 0.013), and recognition (p = 0.043)) and non-perseverative errors (p = 0.024). No relationship was found between symptoms and menstrual characteristics. The investigatory outcomes seem to indicate a relationship between estrogen cumulative effects and the memory domain. More in-depth investigations in the field are necessary in order to improve personalized treatment in women with psychosis. Keywords: schizophrenia; first psychotic episode; hormonal cycle; reproductive cycle; estrogen; memory Author: Paula Barrau-Sastre, Irene Birulés, Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez, Raquel López-Carrilero, Marta Ferrer-Quintero, Helena García-Mieres, Luciana Díaz-Cutraro, Eva Grasa, Esther Pousa, Ester Lorente, Trinidad Peláez, María Luisa Barrigón, Isabel Ruiz-Delgado, Fermín González-Higueras, Jordi Cid, Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes, Daniel Cuadras, Judith Usall, Regina Vila-Badia, Ana Barajas, Susana Ochoa and on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition Group Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Jun 2 14:41:59 2022 CEST ModDate: Thu Jun 2 14:48:20 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 335710 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IYDCBB+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 XCATGD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 GLCCKG+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 UMZWTP+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 JYPLJJ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 GFAWRG+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 FAECIJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 78 0 XQSONM+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 SYVAVM+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 104 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-06-23 02:23:59 CEST RepresentationInformation: women_a2022v2n2p135.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-06-21 12:06:56 CEST Size: 335710 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 323 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4923ab24 Item: Title: Method and Materials Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Children: Item: Title: Ethical Aspects Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Info: Title: Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis Author: Paula Barrau-Sastre, Irene Birulés, Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez, Raquel López-Carrilero, Marta Ferrer-Quintero, Helena García-Mieres, Luciana Díaz-Cutraro, Eva Grasa, Esther Pousa, Ester Lorente, Trinidad Peláez, María Luisa Barrigón, Isabel Ruiz-Delgado, Fermín González-Higueras, Jordi Cid, Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes, Daniel Cuadras, Judith Usall, Regina Vila-Badia, Ana Barajas, Susana Ochoa and on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition Group Subject: A protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of menarche, measuring their effects on symptoms, cognition, social cognition, and metacognition. As it was not possible to directly measure cumulative estrogen levels over the lifetime of a patient, the study sample was composed of 42 women with first-episode psychosis; estrogen levels were inferred by the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and menarche. All patients were assessed with a battery of questionnaires using the BDI, PSYRATS, PANSS, STROOP, TAVEC, WSCT, IPSAQ, and BCIS questionnaires. The results related to menstrual cycle length showed a relationship with memory; specifically, shorter cycles with semantic strategies (p = 0.046) and longer cycles with serial strategies in the short term (p = 0.005) as well as in the long term (p = 0.031). The results also showed a relationship with perseverative errors (p = 0.035) and self-certainty (p = 0.049). Only personalized bias (p = 0.030) was found to be significant in relation to the age at menarche. When analyzing the differences in years of difference between the age at menarche and the onset of psychotic symptoms, the results indicated lower scores in women with a smaller difference between both events in memory (short-term (p = 0.050), long-term (p = 0.024), intrusions (p = 0.013), and recognition (p = 0.043)) and non-perseverative errors (p = 0.024). No relationship was found between symptoms and menstrual characteristics. The investigatory outcomes seem to indicate a relationship between estrogen cumulative effects and the memory domain. More in-depth investigations in the field are necessary in order to improve personalized treatment in women with psychosis. 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