e263c5899f86967a8fd5e679b098f67d ANI_a2022v12p1912.pdf 34f9933ef3725220778937cef8319c5acaca2108 ANI_a2022v12p1912.pdf b5d52e7cdbf2c2f927196c7ab96bc55b8b785d9cee56a40c6fa7ed0aa9441ecc ANI_a2022v12p1912.pdf Title: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Exotic Pets: The Situation in the Iberian Peninsula Subject: Literature related to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in exotic pets is minimal, being essential to report objective data on this topic, which represents a therapeutic challenge for veterinary medicine and public health. Between 2016 and 2020, laboratory records of 3156 exotic pet specimens’ microbiological diagnoses and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were examined. The samples were classified into three animal classes: birds (n = 412), mammalia (n = 2399), and reptilian (n = 345). The most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp. (15% and 16%), while in reptiles they were Pseudomonas spp. (23%). Pseudomonas was the genus with the highest levels of AMR in all animal groups, followed by Enterococcus spp. By contrast, Gram-positive cocci and Pasteurella spp. were the most sensitive bacteria. Moreover, in reptiles, Stenotrophomonas spp., Morganella spp., and Acinetobacter spp. presented high levels of AMR. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolates from reptiles (21%), birds (17%), and mammals (15%). The Enterobacterales had the highest MDR levels: S. marcescens (94.4%), C. freundii (50%), M. morganii (47.4%), K. pneumoniae (46.6%), E. cloacae (44%), and E. coli (38.3%). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa strains was 8%, detecting one isolate with an XDR profile. Regarding antimicrobial use, many antibiotics described as critically important for human use had significant AMR prevalence in bacteria isolated from exotic pets. Under the One-Health approach, these results are alarming and of public health concern since potential transmission of AMR bacteria and genes can occur from exotic pets to their owners in both senses. For this reason, the collaboration between veterinarians and public health professionals is crucial. Keywords: exotic pets; antimicrobial resistance; birds; mammals; reptiles; bacteria Author: Eleonora Muñoz-Ibarra, Rafael A. Molina-López, Inma Durán, Biel Garcias, Marga Martín and Laila Darwich Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Aug 4 11:02:28 2022 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 5 04:45:12 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 24 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3346229 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 VZTILZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 OEHUFR+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 IANIHI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 PRJKGQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 CAMXTK+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 78 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 81 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 84 0 PDTLUH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 91 0 GMORRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 101 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 111 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 126 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 132 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 141 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 144 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 147 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 150 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 162 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 165 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 168 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 177 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 180 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 183 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 186 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 205 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 208 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 211 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 220 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 223 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 226 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 229 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 238 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 241 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 244 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 247 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 256 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 259 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 262 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 265 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 271 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 274 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 277 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 280 0 HPJFCM+TimesNewRoman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 289 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 292 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 295 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 298 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 301 0 HPJFCM+TimesNewRoman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 310 0 HPIEGL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 313 0 HPIEGN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 316 0 HPIEHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 319 0 HPIICK+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 322 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-11-19 02:29:33 CET RepresentationInformation: ANI_a2022v12p1912.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-11-18 10:47:26 CET Size: 3346229 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 455 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4923ab24 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Children: Item: Title: Database Source and Management Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Study Design and Animal Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Microbiological Diagnosis Techniques and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Children: Item: Title: Microbiological Results in Exotic Pets Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Frequency of Multidrug Resistance Profiles Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Appendix A Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Info: Title: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Exotic Pets: The Situation in the Iberian Peninsula Author: Eleonora Muñoz-Ibarra, Rafael A. Molina-López, Inma Durán, Biel Garcias, Marga Martín and Laila Darwich Subject: Literature related to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in exotic pets is minimal, being essential to report objective data on this topic, which represents a therapeutic challenge for veterinary medicine and public health. Between 2016 and 2020, laboratory records of 3156 exotic pet specimens’ microbiological diagnoses and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were examined. The samples were classified into three animal classes: birds (n = 412), mammalia (n = 2399), and reptilian (n = 345). The most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp. (15% and 16%), while in reptiles they were Pseudomonas spp. (23%). Pseudomonas was the genus with the highest levels of AMR in all animal groups, followed by Enterococcus spp. By contrast, Gram-positive cocci and Pasteurella spp. were the most sensitive bacteria. Moreover, in reptiles, Stenotrophomonas spp., Morganella spp., and Acinetobacter spp. presented high levels of AMR. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolates from reptiles (21%), birds (17%), and mammals (15%). The Enterobacterales had the highest MDR levels: S. marcescens (94.4%), C. freundii (50%), M. morganii (47.4%), K. pneumoniae (46.6%), E. cloacae (44%), and E. coli (38.3%). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa strains was 8%, detecting one isolate with an XDR profile. Regarding antimicrobial use, many antibiotics described as critically important for human use had significant AMR prevalence in bacteria isolated from exotic pets. Under the One-Health approach, these results are alarming and of public health concern since potential transmission of AMR bacteria and genes can occur from exotic pets to their owners in both senses. For this reason, the collaboration between veterinarians and public health professionals is crucial. Keywords: exotic pets; antimicrobial resistance; birds; mammals; reptiles; bacteria Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Aug 04 11:02:28 CEST 2022 ModDate: Fri Aug 05 04:45:12 CEST 2022 ID: 0xc2af2310c69cd033fb68f11866058161, 0xc2af2310c69cd033fb68f11866058161 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: OEHUFR+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: OEHUFR+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: GMORRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: GMORRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: CAMXTK+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: CAMXTK+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: IANIHI+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: IANIHI+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: PDTLUH+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 21 LastChar: 21 FontDescriptor: FontName: PDTLUH+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: PRJKGQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: PRJKGQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: VZTILZ+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: VZTILZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 323, 152, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 311, 127, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 165, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 148, 662, 159, 676 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 662, 498, 676 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 132, 652, 143, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 408, 87, 427 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 620, 337, 629 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 340, 620, 347, 629 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 582, 360, 591 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 582, 367, 591 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 582, 375, 591 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 557, 461, 566 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 472, 532, 484, 541 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 484, 532, 496, 541 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 519, 395, 528 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 289, 421, 301 ActionDest: 68 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 223, 268, 232 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 223, 366, 232 ActionDest: 332 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 597, 415, 606 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 484, 388, 493 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 421, 284, 430 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 421, 459, 430 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 179, 496, 191 ActionDest: 88 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 720, 478, 732 ActionDest: 95 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 298, 462, 310 ActionDest: 199 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 298, 508, 310 ActionDest: 199 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 260, 416, 272 ActionDest: 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 223, 201, 234 ActionDest: 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 197, 366, 209 ActionDest: 120 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 87, 287, 99 ActionDest: 120 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 268, 372, 280 ActionDest: 199 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 268, 476, 280 ActionDest: 120 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 268, 486, 280 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 268, 520, 280 ActionDest: 199 Page: Sequence: 9 Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 494, 541, 501, 553 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 454, 206, 466 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 378, 430, 390 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 155, 255, 164 ActionDest: 335 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 698, 252, 707 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 698, 259, 707 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 610, 482, 619 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 610, 497, 619 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 585, 455, 594 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 547, 389, 556 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 472, 263, 481 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 472, 537, 481 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 538, 472, 545, 481 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 447, 271, 456 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 434, 360, 443 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 309, 339, 318 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 307, 221, 319, 230 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 133, 218, 142 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 70, 543, 79 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 70, 556, 79 ActionDest: 335 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 673, 213, 682 ActionDest: 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 673, 226, 682 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 673, 238, 682 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 547, 250, 556 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 547, 263, 556 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 509, 209, 519 ActionDest: 335 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 494, 439, 506 ActionDest: 199 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 494, 479, 506 ActionDest: 304 Page: Sequence: 15 Page: Sequence: 16 Page: Sequence: 17 Page: Sequence: 18 Page: Sequence: 19 Page: Sequence: 20 Page: Sequence: 21 Page: Sequence: 22 Page: Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 472, 212, 510, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 212, 552, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 200, 489, 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 189, 400, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 167, 96, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 167, 138, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 144, 193, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 121, 342, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 99, 98, 137, 108 Page: Sequence: 24 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 722, 168, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 699, 486, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 676, 315, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 676, 357, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 652, 339, 664 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 618, 550, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 584, 274, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 538, 96, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 481, 142, 491 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 148, 481, 184, 491 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 457, 301, 468 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 422, 360, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 399, 370, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 377, 96, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 353, 483, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 353, 526, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 319, 282, 330 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 319, 324, 330 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 285, 267, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 261, 496, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 238, 551, 249 Checksum: d3c060d1 Type: CRC32 Checksum: e263c5899f86967a8fd5e679b098f67d Type: MD5 Checksum: 34f9933ef3725220778937cef8319c5acaca2108 Type: SHA-1