a462a6ae6e4b53f026bda136076e3e86 biomolecules_a2022v12n8p1021iENG.pdf 6f68cdd1d89e283577497c9d5be677cf77fe7d38 biomolecules_a2022v12n8p1021iENG.pdf c042fd1f323d2a7481e538bad06850877a412aa112855f0fac30f2127038748e biomolecules_a2022v12n8p1021iENG.pdf Title: Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer Subject: Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of risk of cancer, occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome. They may include germline or somatic genetic variants, epigenetic signatures, transcriptional changes, and proteomic signatures. These indicators are based on biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, that can be detected in samples obtained from tissues through tumor biopsy or, more easily and non-invasively, from blood (or serum or plasma), saliva, buccal swabs, stool, urine, etc. Detection technologies have advanced tremendously over the last decades, including techniques such as next-generation sequencing, nanotechnology, or methods to study circulating tumor DNA/RNA or exosomes. Clinical applications of biomarkers are extensive. They can be used as tools for cancer risk assessment, screening and early detection of cancer, accurate diagnosis, patient prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, and cancer surveillance and monitoring response. Therefore, they can help to optimize making decisions in clinical practice. Moreover, precision oncology is needed for newly developed targeted therapies, as they are functional only in patients with specific cancer genetic mutations, and biomarkers are the tools used for the identification of these subsets of patients. Improvement in the field of cancer biomarkers is, however, needed to overcome the scientific challenge of developing new biomarkers with greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. Keywords: cancer biomarkers; biomolecules; risk assessment; diagnostic biomarkers; predictive biomarkers Author: Virinder Kaur Sarhadi and Gemma Armengol Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Jul 26 05:23:10 2022 CEST ModDate: Tue Jul 26 06:18:16 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 39 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1346548 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- HZCUWH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 QPURFX+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 UBQHOX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 DEGABN+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 IVVSWS+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 44 0 WVXPUA+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 83 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold 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CEST RepresentationInformation: biomolecules_a2022v12n8p1021iENG.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-06-27 12:21:33 CEST Size: 1346548 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 852 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Cancer-Associated Alterations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Germline Genetic Variants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Somatic Genetic Mutations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Epigenetic Variants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: 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Patient Prognosis Biomarker Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@2db7a79b Item: Title: Biomarkers Predicting Response to Cancer Therapy Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6950e31 Item: Title: Biomarkers for Cancer Surveillance and Monitoring Response Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@b7dd107 Item: Title: Steps in the Search for New Biomarkers Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@42eca56e Children: Item: Title: Discovery Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@52f759d7 Item: Title: Assay Development and Analytical Validation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7cbd213e Item: Title: Clinical Validation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@192d3247 Item: Title: Clinical Utility Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3ecd23d9 Item: Title: Clinical Implementation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@569cfc36 Item: Title: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@43bd930a Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@33723e30 Info: Title: Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer Author: Virinder Kaur Sarhadi and Gemma Armengol Subject: Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of risk of cancer, occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome. They may include germline or somatic genetic variants, epigenetic signatures, transcriptional changes, and proteomic signatures. These indicators are based on biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, that can be detected in samples obtained from tissues through tumor biopsy or, more easily and non-invasively, from blood (or serum or plasma), saliva, buccal swabs, stool, urine, etc. Detection technologies have advanced tremendously over the last decades, including techniques such as next-generation sequencing, nanotechnology, or methods to study circulating tumor DNA/RNA or exosomes. Clinical applications of biomarkers are extensive. They can be used as tools for cancer risk assessment, screening and early detection of cancer, accurate diagnosis, patient prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, and cancer surveillance and monitoring response. Therefore, they can help to optimize making decisions in clinical practice. Moreover, precision oncology is needed for newly developed targeted therapies, as they are functional only in patients with specific cancer genetic mutations, and biomarkers are the tools used for the identification of these subsets of patients. Improvement in the field of cancer biomarkers is, however, needed to overcome the scientific challenge of developing new biomarkers with greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. 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