7f63febcb55d80c055ac83a70e41a3f6 ANM_a2022v12p3538.pdf 06ecd406e80255ded3c2bd77e9185d04205cb0d3 ANM_a2022v12p3538.pdf 5c24bb8ed416541986609da15e173c3c0ba792f0f9c873b798466ae3d42c7d19 ANM_a2022v12p3538.pdf Title: Evaluation of Two Practical Tools to Assess Cognitive Impairment in Aged Dogs Subject: Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is the most common cause of cognitive decline in aged dogs. Early diagnosis is crucial because the sooner treatment is implemented, the greater the chance of slowing the progression of the disease. Assessment tools to assess cognitive decline may differ depending on the environment in which the dogs live. The aims of this study were threefold, first, to describe two feasible methods to evaluate cognitive impairment in aged dogs living in different environments: (i) a Canine Cognitive Assessment Scale (CCAS) for dogs living in a home environment and (ii) a practical cognitive test (PCT) potentially useful for dogs not living in a home environment (NHE); second, to assess the effect of age on the outcome of both tools and, finally, to compare the results of the CCAS with those of the PCT. Both methods were found to be practical to perform. Age was found to significantly predict the score obtained by the CCAS (p = 0.0011) and the outcome of the PCT (p = 0.009). However, the reversal phase from the PCT did not significantly predict the outcomes of the CCAS (p = 0.97). Taken together, these findings suggest that the CCAS is a practical method to evaluate age related cognitive changes in owned dogs. The fact that the PCT has not been proven to be related with the CCAS calls into question the use of the PCT as a sensitive tool to assess cognitive impairment. Further studies in this field are suggested. Keywords: cognitive impairment; aged dogs; assessment tools Author: Susana Le Brech, Marta Amat, Déborah Temple and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Dec 15 06:56:38 2022 CET ModDate: Thu Dec 15 06:58:52 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 718967 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- XAUANQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZYDDMR+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 CFVVWJ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 NJAOJC+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 66 0 GJOJOP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 84 0 GJOJPB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 87 0 GJOKAD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 GJOJOP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 100 0 GJOJPA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 103 0 GJOJPB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 109 0 GJOKAD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 112 0 CBSRZX+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 119 0 GJOJOP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 128 0 GJOJPA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 131 0 GJOJPB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 137 0 GJOKAD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 140 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-01-25 02:30:44 CET RepresentationInformation: ANM_a2022v12p3538.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-01-24 12:54:04 CET Size: 718967 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 297 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4923ab24 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Children: Item: Title: Study 1: Canine Cognitive Assessment Scale (CCAS) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Subjects Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Description of the Canine Cognitive Assessment Scale (CCAS) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Study 2: Practical Cognitive Test (PCT) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Subjects Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Description of the PCT Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Ethics Statement Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Children: Item: Title: Study 1: Canine Cognitive Assessment Scale (CCAS) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Study 2: Practical Cognitive Test (PCT) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Relationship between CCAS and PCT Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Info: Title: Evaluation of Two Practical Tools to Assess Cognitive Impairment in Aged Dogs Author: Susana Le Brech, Marta Amat, Déborah Temple and Xavier Manteca Subject: Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is the most common cause of cognitive decline in aged dogs. Early diagnosis is crucial because the sooner treatment is implemented, the greater the chance of slowing the progression of the disease. Assessment tools to assess cognitive decline may differ depending on the environment in which the dogs live. The aims of this study were threefold, first, to describe two feasible methods to evaluate cognitive impairment in aged dogs living in different environments: (i) a Canine Cognitive Assessment Scale (CCAS) for dogs living in a home environment and (ii) a practical cognitive test (PCT) potentially useful for dogs not living in a home environment (NHE); second, to assess the effect of age on the outcome of both tools and, finally, to compare the results of the CCAS with those of the PCT. Both methods were found to be practical to perform. Age was found to significantly predict the score obtained by the CCAS (p = 0.0011) and the outcome of the PCT (p = 0.009). However, the reversal phase from the PCT did not significantly predict the outcomes of the CCAS (p = 0.97). Taken together, these findings suggest that the CCAS is a practical method to evaluate age related cognitive changes in owned dogs. The fact that the PCT has not been proven to be related with the CCAS calls into question the use of the PCT as a sensitive tool to assess cognitive impairment. Further studies in this field are suggested. Keywords: cognitive impairment; aged dogs; assessment tools Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Dec 15 06:56:38 CET 2022 ModDate: Thu Dec 15 06:58:52 CET 2022 ID: 0x5a1e20585550e80fb88df36a0b3adbe9, 0x5a1e20585550e80fb88df36a0b3adbe9 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: NJAOJC+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 6 FontDescriptor: FontName: NJAOJC+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: CFVVWJ+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 39 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: CFVVWJ+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: CBSRZX+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 13 FontDescriptor: FontName: CBSRZX+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: XAUANQ+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: XAUANQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 178 LastChar: 178 FontDescriptor: FontName: BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ZYDDMR+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 246 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZYDDMR+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 335, 152, 344 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 323, 127, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 165, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 105, 528, 114 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 396, 87, 415 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 710, 417, 719 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 710, 427, 719 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 698, 421, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 698, 429, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 698, 436, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 550, 698, 557, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 685, 371, 694 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 660, 435, 669 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 648, 287, 657 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 623, 322, 631 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 610, 493, 619 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 610, 502, 619 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 610, 510, 619 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 610, 522, 619 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 610, 535, 619 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 396, 291, 406 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 396, 306, 406 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 371, 483, 380 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 321, 366, 330 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 321, 379, 330 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 283, 292, 293 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 271, 543, 280 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 271, 555, 280 ActionDest: 154 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 593, 381, 605 ActionDest: 63 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 717, 275, 729 ActionDest: 73 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 707, 251, 716 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 707, 259, 716 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 707, 271, 716 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 707, 506, 716 ActionDest: 150 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 348, 520, 360 ActionDest: 76 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 262, 392, 271 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 247, 206, 259 ActionDest: 76 Page: Sequence: 6 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 276, 465, 288 ActionDest: 94 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 384, 582, 391, 594 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 417, 388, 429 ActionDest: 116 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 710, 493, 719 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 494, 710, 501, 719 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 710, 509, 719 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 698, 290, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 698, 297, 707 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 475, 660, 487, 669 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 623, 249, 631 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 572, 322, 581 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 572, 335, 581 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 524, 560, 531, 569 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 560, 543, 569 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 560, 556, 569 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 535, 343, 544 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 271, 453, 280 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 108, 191, 117 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 108, 199, 117 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 108, 206, 117 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 108, 219, 117 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 108, 231, 117 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 108, 342, 117 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 108, 354, 117 ActionDest: 154 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 648, 228, 657 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 497, 495, 506 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 484, 509, 493 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 422, 211, 431 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 396, 272, 406 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 371, 255, 380 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 371, 268, 380 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 371, 280, 380 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 537, 359, 544, 368 ActionDest: 150 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 579, 422, 590 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 556, 356, 567 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 556, 398, 567 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 523, 96, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 499, 506, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 499, 548, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 465, 96, 475 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 442, 261, 452 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 408, 150, 418 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 384, 331, 395 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 362, 155, 372 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 338, 403, 349 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 315, 436, 326 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 292, 475, 303 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 292, 517, 303 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 328, 269, 366, 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 269, 408, 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 246, 228, 257 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 223, 470, 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 200, 290, 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 149, 166, 187, 176 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 131, 132, 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 119, 557, 130 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 96, 520, 107 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 73, 239, 84 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 722, 428, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 722, 471, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 664, 505, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 664, 547, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 630, 194, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 606, 526, 617 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 560, 416, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 537, 239, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 390, 514, 428, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 491, 368, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 164, 469, 202, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 469, 244, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 445, 475, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 445, 517, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 422, 263, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 399, 397, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 399, 439, 410 Checksum: e4414d46 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 7f63febcb55d80c055ac83a70e41a3f6 Type: MD5 Checksum: 06ecd406e80255ded3c2bd77e9185d04205cb0d3 Type: SHA-1