b9ec2dd83f62fd75ca5de84e923eacc2 271957.pdf 8b70405c6d9723f10a9378f86172aacfa9c699c8 271957.pdf a028a894190b63ace0eab40c7089214a35842390e70ade24a5624d6ddfd3a254 271957.pdf Title: Biopsychosocial Response to the COVID-19 Lockdown in People with Major Depressive Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis Subject: Background: Changes in lifestyle, finances and work status during COVID-19 lockdowns may have led to biopsychosocial changes in people with pre-existing vulnerabilities such as Major Depressive Disorders (MDDs) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Methods: Data were collected as a part of the RADAR-CNS (Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse—Central Nervous System) program. We analyzed the following data from long-term participants in a decentralized multinational study: symptoms of depression, heart rate (HR) during the day and night; social activity; sedentary state, steps and physical activity of varying intensity. Linear mixed-effects regression analyses with repeated measures were fitted to assess the changes among three time periods (pre, during and post-lockdown) across the groups, adjusting for depression severity before the pandemic and gender. Results: Participants with MDDs (N = 255) and MS (N = 214) were included in the analyses. Overall, depressive symptoms remained stable across the three periods in both groups. A lower mean HR and HR variation were observed between pre and during lockdown during the day for MDDs and during the night for MS. HR variation during rest periods also decreased between pre- and post-lockdown in both clinical conditions. We observed a reduction in physical activity for MDDs and MS upon the introduction of lockdowns. The group with MDDs exhibited a net increase in social interaction via social network apps over the three periods. Conclusions: Behavioral responses to the lockdown measured by social activity, physical activity and HR may reflect changes in stress in people with MDDs and MS. Remote technology monitoring might promptly activate an early warning of physical and social alterations in these stressful situations. Future studies must explore how stress does or does not impact depression severity. Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; major depressive disorder; multiple sclerosis; depression severity; heart rate; stress; social activity; physical activity; decentralized Author: Sara Siddi, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Faith Matcham, Femke Lamers, Spyridon Kontaxis, Estela Laporta, Esther Garcia, Belen Arranz, Gloria Dalla Costa, Ana Isabel Guerrero, Ana Zabalza, Mathias Due Buron, Giancarlo Comi, Letizia Leocani, Peter Annas, Matthew Hotopf, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Melinda Magyari, Per S. Sørensen, Xavier Montalban, Grace Lavelle, Alina Ivan, Carolin Oetzmann, Katie M. White, Sonia Difrancesco, Patrick Locatelli, David C. Mohr, Jordi Aguiló, Vaibhav Narayan, Amos Folarin, Richard J. B. Dobson, Judith Dineley, Daniel Leightley, Nicholas Cummins, Srinivasan Vairavan, Yathart Ranjan, Zulqarnain Rashid, Aki Rintala, Giovanni De Girolamo, Antonio Preti, Sara Simblett, Til Wykes, PAB Members, Inez Myin-Germeys, Josep Maria Haro and on behalf of the RADAR-CNS Consortium Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Dec 6 07:55:19 2022 CET ModDate: Tue Dec 6 08:24:12 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 20 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2542032 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CYVJLM+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 MFWFWN+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 QLYPCV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 WLNWXA+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 ZZTQUO+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 XPUSBJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 BSDWLC+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 LJEZBI+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 77 0 MAPTIF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 102 0 HYYHEA+CMBSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 109 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-03-16 02:35:57 CET RepresentationInformation: 271957.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-15 14:22:45 CET Size: 2542032 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 456 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Procedure Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Ethical Statement Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Instruments Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Children: Item: Title: Summary of Findings in MDD Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Summary of Findings for MS Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Children: Item: Title: Findings on Participants with MDD Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Findings on Participants with MS Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Strengths and Limitations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Future Directions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Info: Title: Biopsychosocial Response to the COVID-19 Lockdown in People with Major Depressive Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis Author: Sara Siddi, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Faith Matcham, Femke Lamers, Spyridon Kontaxis, Estela Laporta, Esther Garcia, Belen Arranz, Gloria Dalla Costa, Ana Isabel Guerrero, Ana Zabalza, Mathias Due Buron, Giancarlo Comi, Letizia Leocani, Peter Annas, Matthew Hotopf, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Melinda Magyari, Per S. Sørensen, Xavier Montalban, Grace Lavelle, Alina Ivan, Carolin Oetzmann, Katie M. White, Sonia Difrancesco, Patrick Locatelli, David C. Mohr, Jordi Aguiló, Vaibhav Narayan, Amos Folarin, Richard J. B. Dobson, Judith Dineley, Daniel Leightley, Nicholas Cummins, Srinivasan Vairavan, Yathart Ranjan, Zulqarnain Rashid, Aki Rintala, Giovanni De Girolamo, Antonio Preti, Sara Simblett, Til Wykes, PAB Members, Inez Myin-Germeys, Josep Maria Haro and on behalf of the RADAR-CNS Consortium Subject: Background: Changes in lifestyle, finances and work status during COVID-19 lockdowns may have led to biopsychosocial changes in people with pre-existing vulnerabilities such as Major Depressive Disorders (MDDs) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Methods: Data were collected as a part of the RADAR-CNS (Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse Central Nervous System) program. We analyzed the following data from long-term participants in a decentralized multinational study: symptoms of depression, heart rate (HR) during the day and night; social activity; sedentary state, steps and physical activity of varying intensity. Linear mixed-effects regression analyses with repeated measures were fitted to assess the changes among three time periods (pre, during and post-lockdown) across the groups, adjusting for depression severity before the pandemic and gender. Results: Participants with MDDs (N = 255) and MS (N = 214) were included in the analyses. Overall, depressive symptoms remained stable across the three periods in both groups. A lower mean HR and HR variation were observed between pre and during lockdown during the day for MDDs and during the night for MS. HR variation during rest periods also decreased between pre- and post-lockdown in both clinical conditions. We observed a reduction in physical activity for MDDs and MS upon the introduction of lockdowns. The group with MDDs exhibited a net increase in social interaction via social network apps over the three periods. Conclusions: Behavioral responses to the lockdown measured by social activity, physical activity and HR may reflect changes in stress in people with MDDs and MS. Remote technology monitoring might promptly activate an early warning of physical and social alterations in these stressful situations. Future studies must explore how stress does or does not impact depression severity. Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; major depressive disorder; multiple sclerosis; depression severity; heart rate; stress; social activity; physical activity; decentralized Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Dec 06 07:55:19 CET 2022 ModDate: Tue Dec 06 08:24:12 CET 2022 ID: 0xf4a6e29ca27cd42bb91fa751799d017e, 0xf4a6e29ca27cd42bb91fa751799d017e Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: QLYPCV+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: QLYPCV+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: MAPTIF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 112 FontDescriptor: FontName: MAPTIF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: WLNWXA+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 44 LastChar: 121 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