societies Article The Construction of Identities in the Pre-Service Training of Social Sciences Teachers Noelia Pérez-Rodríguez 1, * , Antoni Santisteban 2 , Nicolás De-Alba-Fernández 1 and Elisa Navarro-Medina 1 1 Faculty of Education, University of Seville, C/Pirotecnia, s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain 2 Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain * Correspondence: nperez4@us.es Abstract: We live in a global society in which conflicts arise from the non-acceptance of existing diversity. To achieve more inclusive and fair societies, it is necessary that education and, specifically, Social Sciences, attend to the development of identities from the school itself. We present a qualitative case study with Primary Education teachers in initial training at two Spanish universities: the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the University of Seville. By means of a questionnaire with open and closed questions, we explored the representations of future teachers on the construction of their identity, as well as their practical perspectives on the approach to identities in the primary classroom. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis. The most relevant results of the study indicate that in the two cases analyzed the students have a mixed perspective on the construction of their identities, in which the elements linked to local, social, and linguistic contexts are more important. In relation to the approach to identities in the classroom, there are some differences and similarities between the groups that make us reflect on the need to promote a model of initial training that links the teaching of identities not only with knowledge of our present and Citation: Pérez-Rodríguez, N.; past, but also with social transformation and the future. Santisteban, A.; De-Alba-Fernández, N.; Navarro-Medina, E. The Keywords: identities; teaching identities; preservice teachers training; Social Sciences Construction of Identities in the Pre-Service Training of Social Sciences Teachers. Societies 2022, 12, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ soc12050138 1. The Problem of Identities in Education As Berger and Luckman [1] argue “identity constitutes, of course, a key element of Academic Editor: Anastassia subjective reality and, as such, is in a dialectical relationship with society” (p.214). Based Zabrodskaja on this premise, it is key to consider that it is impossible to understand identity or identities Received: 20 September 2022 without considering the characteristics of the contexts of which they are part and their Accepted: 30 September 2022 reconstruction, derived from the social and historical changes that occur. Published: 2 October 2022 At a time of global crisis in which the survival of our democracy is in doubt and in Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral which authoritarian and neoliberal discourses are emerging, it is essential to assume that with regard to jurisdictional claims in there are “plagues” to be faced for the dignification of life in society, human rights, and published maps and institutional affil- social justice [2]. This situation has accentuated the role we play as citizens in pursuit iations. of solidarity and the common good. However, our increasingly globalized and diverse societies often forget to recognize and care for plurality and diversity, perpetuating what is referred to as “failed citizenship” by invisibilizing or excluding existing minority groups [3]. Aspiring for change involves reflecting on what kind of citizenship we want to form Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. and how we can build more inclusive spaces and identities. The teaching of Social Sciences Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. can be an instrument of social change, but it is urgent to know what the representation of This article is an open access article children and young people about their identities and their disposition in the public space is distributed under the terms and since the construction of a better future depends on their ways of being and being in the conditions of the Creative Commons world, on their commitment to democracy and current problems [4]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Through the study we propose, we intend to explore the social representations of creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the identities of students of the Primary Education Degree, due to their condition as 4.0/). Societies 2022, 12, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12050138 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/societies Societies 2022, 12, 138 2 of 15 young people and future teachers. Moreover, we do it from two different contexts: the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and the University of Seville (US). We use the concept of social representations as a form of social thinking, which helps us to better understand the construction of social reality by people, in the form of images and concepts, based on the dialogue between the individual and the collective [5,6]. Furthermore, we use the concept of practical perspectives [7–9] to indicate students’ ideas about how they think or how they imagine the educational practice of working on identities in a primary education classroom when they become teachers. The research problems we intend to answer are: 1. What social representations do teachers in training have about the construction of their identities, are there differences between the representations of US and UAB students? 2. What elements do they consider most suitable for working on identities in the Primary Education classroom? Are there any differences between the representations of UAB and US students? a. What are the purposes of working on identities in the classroom? b. What Social Science contents do they select? c. What types of activities do they propose? 3. What is the relationship between the representations on the construction of their own identity and their practical perspectives on the teaching of identities in primary education? Are there differences between the two groups? 2. Identities and Social Sciences Teaching The crisis resulting from COVID-19 has posed a great challenge in our society, para- lyzing the accelerated functioning of our lives, and filling our daily lives with uncertainty. This situation has exacerbated existing inequalities and social injustices, making it difficult for part of the world’s population to access basic resources. In this context, from the educational field, a debate resurfaces around the urgency of educating global citizens, making them aware of and committed to the situation we live in and, consequently, to the social, economic, and political challenges that arise [2,3]. The construction of identities in a global context presents itself as a challenge within the teaching of Social Sciences; how can we favor the construction of inclusive and global identities while maintaining the characteristics linked to our own origin and local territory, and how do the different planes of our identity combine and what impact does it have on the teaching-learning processes? Studies that have tried to delve into the identity construction of young people show, on the one hand, that their representation and identification vary depending on the context [10], as well as that participation in real democratic experiences favors individual and collective identity changes [11]. According to Ross [12] “citizenship is an important aspect of our identities: it is the aspect that involves our political engagement and participation in the community” (p.136). Within the key concept of “citizenship” Santisteban and Pagès [13] emphasize considering the concept of identity and otherness as part of its definition: “The concept of “identity” is first associated with that of “otherness”, i.e., we define ourselves in terms of differences with other people, but also by our origin, our territory, or our beliefs. Identity can be associated with a legal status with the state, which differentiates citizenship and foreignness. It can also be related to representative national symbols” [13], p. 6. From this definition, education for citizenship and Social Sciences play a preponderant role, since one of its purposes is to form the social thinking of children and young peo- ple [14,15], for participation, commitment, and social action [16,17]. To face the complex social problems of our world, youth must form critical and creative thinking [18], i.e., can rationalize information, critically reading reality (causality), understanding beyond the obvious (intentionality) and proposing alternatives and solutions to emerging problems (relativism) [19,20]. Societies 2022, 12, 138 3 of 15 In the case of teachers in initial training in Social Sciences, there is a great challenge linked to this issue. First, because they must become aware of what their identities are and how the school has favored their construction. Second, because this reflection can and should have an impact on the way of conceiving how these issues should be worked on in the classroom. It is useless to work on a discourse on general goals in initial training if, on a practical level, there is no reflection on the possibility of reconstructing our identity traits and knowing how they condition our ways of being and being in the world. The study conducted by Tosello [21] with Social Sciences teachers in different parts of the world, points out how most of the interviewees have a representation of identities of a static and finished character, as opposed to a minority group that understands them as a social construction. To ensure that the formation of social and critical thinking in schools favors the construction of inclusive identities, these must be analyzed and made visible from the initial training of teachers. If we wish to achieve real change in society, we must bet on the training of reflective and critical professionals [22], focused on the development of “learning to debate, dialogue, social, political and ideological commitment” [19] p.135. For their part, González-Valencia and Santisteban [23] in a study of the social representations of teachers in training on political education, conclude that these representations are diverse and are influenced by both the social and educational context. Moreover, as presented in the study, teachers’ representations of political education have an impact on their practical perspectives on their approach in the classroom. Considering that teachers in training have schemes of thought and action derived from their own experience as students, as well as from their daily experiences [9], it is relevant to know what their representations of the construction of their identities are, as well as their ideas on the didactic transposition in the classroom. From these accounts, obstacles can be detected in the treatment of identities in school that help us, from initial teacher training, to avoid the development of teaching and learning models of Social Sciences that show a unique and finished reality, and progressively promote alternative didactic models, critical and based on the investigation of controversial issues or relevant social problems [24–27]. The goal is to favor the analysis of the identified plurality of problems [28], to give voice to invisible protagonists [29] and to become aware of the interaction between local and global problems [30]. 3. Material and Methods In this research we followed a method based on case studies [31], to explore the social representations of teachers in initial training in two different realities. Although it is a qualitative study, we have employed mixed methods in the analysis, to save any reductionism in the interpretation of the information and to acquire a more complete view of the research questions we intend to answer. We now proceed to describe in detail the particularities of the participants in the study, the instrument, and the analysis procedure. 3.1. Participants The study involved students from two Spanish universities: the University of Seville (US) and the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). The sample was purposive, and the main selection criterion was that the participants were in their third year, taking the subject Didactics of Social Sciences. Carrying out the study with these participants allowed us to respond to the research problems due to the double condition that they fulfill as students and future teachers. In addition, having two different contexts also favors the analysis of the information considering the specificity of each environment and the possible comparisons. In this sense, it is necessary to consider that Seville and Barcelona are two Spanish cities with different particularities. Seville is in the south of Spain and is the capital of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. Barcelona, on the other hand, is located on the northeast coast of Spain and is the capital of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia. Societies 2022, 12, 138 4 of 15 This configuration in Autonomous Communities has not always been so in the Spanish territory. Before the Spanish dictatorship, Catalonia had some autonomy. However, during the Franco dictatorship, the rights of cultural minorities (such as the Catalan language) were repressed by Spanish nationalism. During the Spanish democratic transition, the “State of Autonomies” was reestablished [32]. This implies that the Autonomous Communities have autonomy from the central government in some areas such as health and education. However, the creation of the autonomies was incomplete, in the sense that central policies were administered without the effective participation of the different autonomies [32]. Currently, in Catalonia, there are nationalist currents that defend its political independence and the creation of a sovereign state. In the case of Seville and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia there are no such movements. The students participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The data have been anonymized respecting the code of good practices in research (Agreement of the Governing Council of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, 30 September, 2020, on good practices in research) [33]. A total of 136 students participated, of which 80 belonged to the US and 56 to the UAB. As can be seen in Table 1, the ages of the participants are between 20 and 27 years old. Most of the total participants in the study are women, 96 versus 40. In the case of both the US and the UAB there is many students who reside in the metropolitan area of the two provincial capitals, although in the case of Barcelona the number of students who do not reside in the capital is much higher. As for the country of birth, while in the case of the US students indicate Spain, in the case of the UAB there is variability. Some of the respondents indicate Catalonia and in some cases Barcelona as their country of birth. Table 1. Characteristics of the participants. Characteristics University of Seville Autonomous University of Barcelona 20 33 13 21 30 16 22 6 6 23 4 8 Age 24 3 6 25 6 26 1 1 27 3 Male 23 17 Gender Woman 57 39 Seville city 31 Seville province 41 Barcelona city 7 Barcelona province 49 Place of Residence Huelva 4 Cadiz 2 Caceres 1 Galicia 1 Spain 80 41 Catalonia 12 Country of Birth Barcelona 2 No answer 1 3.2. Instrument For data collection, we designed a questionnaire combining closed and open-ended questions (see Supplementary Material S1). This questionnaire has been designed consid- ering previous instruments and studies [34,35]. The questionnaire is reflexive in nature and consists of four parts. Table 2 lists the instrument sections and questions considered Societies 2022, 12, 138 5 of 15 for this study. First, it contains a personal data section referring to sociodemographic questions. Section 1 contains questions related to the construction of identities and their representation. Sections 2 and 3 are related to practical perspectives on working with identities in the classroom. The last section contains some open questions for reflection. It is noteworthy that to favor the identification of the respondents with different elements related to their identity we considered it necessary to select images linked to their close context. For this reason, Section 2 of the instrument is different and specific for each of the contexts. In Supplementary Material 1 can be seen: 2.5.A. for the Andalusian context and 2.5.B for the Catalonian context. Table 2. Sections of the instrument. Sections of the Instrument Questions Considered Personal data 1. Identities and their representation 1.1.; 1.2.; 1.3.; 1.4. 2. Treatment of identity/ies at school 2.5.A; 2.5.B; 2.6. 3. Professional practice in the classroom 3.1.; 3.1.1.; 3.1.2.; 3.1.3.; 3.1.4. 4. Some questions for reflection 4.1.; 4.2.; 4.3.; 4.4.; 4.5. The instrument is linked to the research problems presented above. Through Sections 1 and 4 of the instrument, it has been possible to explore the representations of teachers in training on the construction of their identities (research problem 1). Through Sections 2 and 3, the practical perspectives on the teaching of identities in the classroom have been observed (research problem 2). The interaction between both pieces of infor- mation has allowed us to understand the relationship between the construction of their identities and their practical perspectives (research problem 3). The instrument has been validated by an expert judgment, based on criteria of clarity and relevance of the questions. In addition, a pilot test was carried out with five active teachers of early childhood education and primary education to determine whether the instrument was able to respond to the research problems and whether the questions were clearly understood. 3.3. Analysis Procedures The analysis strategy is mixed. For the quantitative analysis, using the SPSS v.26 program, we used descriptive and frequency analysis. In addition, to determine whether the mean differences between the responses of the two groups were statistically significant, we applied the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test, after verifying the non-normal distribution of the data by means of the K-S test (p > 0.01). To calculate the effect size of the differences, we calculated Cohen’s d, considering low differences to values around 0.2, medium differences to values close to 0.5 and high differences to values above 0.8 [36]. To deepen the information, we have developed a qualitative analysis of the data, using the Atlas.ti v.8 program. We used an inductive content analysis technique with emerging categories [37]. The procedure had a first phase, textual in nature, to select Significant Information Units (SIU) linked to two major categories: (1) representations of the construction of one’s own identities; (2) practical perspectives on the teaching of identities in the primary school classroom. The second phase of a contextual nature allowed us to generalize the data to understand the trends described in both categories and groups, in terms of frequency of occurrence. 4. Results 4.1. How They Construct Their Identities As shown in Table 3, students rated different elements to explain their own identity on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 means not at all important and 9 means very important. In the Societies 2022, 12, 138 6 of 15 case of the US, the average of the responses considers, in order of relevance, the elements linked to social (m = 7.80), local (m = 7.21), territorial (m = 6.65) and linguistic (m = 6.47) aspects. At the UAB, the same elements, with slight differences, are indicated as the most relevant to explain their identity: social (m = 6.79), linguistic (m = 6.46) and local (m = 6.04). Table 3. Descriptive elements that configure identities. US UAB Elements M SD M SD Local 7.21 1.81 6.04 2.35 Historical 5.74 2.02 5.27 2.42 National 5.80 2.06 4.56 2.05 Social 7.80 1.54 6.79 2.19 Territorial 6.65 1.80 5.08 1.54 Linguistic 6.47 2.00 6.46 1.92 Transnational 3.93 2.30 3.72 2.16 The mean differences in the responses (Table 4) indicate that, even though the students select the same elements as most relevant to explain their identity, the differences are significant (p < 0.05) in the case of the local, national, social, and territorial elements. The largest differences between the groups are in the territory element with a high effect size (d = 0.94). The rest of the elements (local, national, and social) have a medium effect size (d > 0.5). Table 4. Contrast test between the groups with respect to elements that make up identities. Elements Mann–Whitney U p Cohen’s d Local 1571.50 0.00 0.56 Historical 2025.00 0.34 National 1501.50 0.00 0.60 Social 1636.50 0.01 0.53 Territorial 1119.00 0.00 0.94 Linguistic 2168.50 0.85 Transnational 2161.00 0.72 In addition, from the qualitative data, three typologies have emerged in relation to the construction of their identities: individualistic, mixed, and dynamic. Tables 5 and 6 contain the emerging description of these perspectives and examples of allusion. Table 5. Perspectives on the construction of their identities. Typologies Individualist Mixed Dynamics Personal aspects Personal aspects (psychological Representations on Personal aspects (psychological and/or physical) and the construction of (psychological and/or physical) and social aspects linked their identities and/or physical) social aspects, local to the local and global. environment. Societies 2022, 12, 138 7 of 15 Table 6. Examples of allusion quotations on typologies. Typologies Examples of Allusion “Well, by explaining how I am, my characteristics, my personality, my hobbies or my tastes.” (US_3:1) Individualist “Yes, constant, kind and sincere.” (UAB_132:1) “Well yes, I think about several elements, and I think that the best thing that defines my identity is art. It is usual to hear recurring phrases such as “what art you have miarma” (and yes, the Royal Spanish Academy of Language has recognized this Sevillian term), and it is known that in Andalusia there is a great cultural tradition, it can be seen in Easter, in the fairs, etc. It is also known for its relationship Mixed with the flamenco world, with its forms of expression, identity signs, features, etc. Likewise, I consider of great importance the linguistic features that we Andalusians have.” (US_62:2) “Yes, the identity of my country, Catalonia, the feeling of being Catalan. As well as my creativity, willpower, hard work, empathy, etc.” (UAB_127:2). “I would start by stating my name and background. Where I grew up and what my family and school experience has been like, as well as my social experience outside the family and educational environment. In this way I think I could go on to say psychological characteristics, that is, how I describe myself in terms of temperament, the way I act when faced with problems or difficult situations, etc., also taking into account the things I like. I think it would not be enough to say my Dynamic name, place of origin and some physical and psychological characteristics, since our identity is based not only on our body and the most superficial things, but on the experiences we are exposed to throughout our lives.” (US_49:1) “I would say that I am an accumulation of different things. I would start by saying that I was born in Catalonia, but I have Andalusian, English and Irish roots.” (UAB_86:1) The results of this analysis, shown in Figure 1, reflect that the most frequent typology FOR PEER REVIEW in both contexts is the mixed typology, which combines individual traits with social 8 ofaspects 16 of the local and nearby environment (family, friends, town, or city). As can be seen, the least frequent perspective is the dynamic typology, both in the US (11.3%) and in the UAB (9.3%). Figure 1. Percentages of the Figure comparison 1. Percentages between of the typologies comparison between on the construction typologies of their on the construction of identities. their identities. 4.2. How They Think Identities Should Be taught in the Elementary Classroom Regarding the elements selected to work on identities in the classroom (Table 7), the US students indicate as most suitable, on a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means not at all im- portant and 8 means very important, Territory (m = 5.96), Language (m = 5.94) and Herit- age (m = 5.70) and in the case of the UAB, Territory (m = 5.39), Heritage (m = 5.02), Politics Societies 2022, 12, 138 8 of 15 4.2. How They Think Identities Should Be Taught in the Elementary Classroom Regarding the elements selected to work on identities in the classroom (Table 7), the US students indicate as most suitable, on a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means not at all important and 8 means very important, Territory (m = 5.96), Language (m = 5.94) and Heritage (m = 5.70) and in the case of the UAB, Territory (m = 5.39), Heritage (m = 5.02), Politics (m = 4.99) and Traditions (m = 4.95). Table 7. Descriptive elements for working on identities in the classroom. US UAB Elements M SD M DS Territory 5.96 2.46 5.39 2.53 Politics 2.74 2.19 4.99 1.74 Art 3.67 1.75 4.61 2.26 Traditions 4.36 1.56 4.95 1.99 Heritage 5.70 1.98 5.02 1.31 Economy 4.00 1.62 4.29 2.33 Language/Dialect 5.94 1.94 3.41 2.24 As for the mean differences in the responses, as shown in Table 8, they are significant (p < 0.05) for the items linked to Politics, Art, Heritage, and Language/Dialect. In relation to the elements Politics and Language/Dialect the differences are significant with a large effect size (d > 0.8). The elements Art (d = 0.47) and Heritage (d = 0.41) show differences with an effect size close to medium (d = 0.5). Table 8. Test of contrast between groups on elements for working on identities in the classroom. Elements Mann–Whitney U p Cohen´s d Territory 1901.00 0.15 Politics 87150 0.00 1.07 Art 1679.00 0.02 0.47 Traditions 1797.00 0.08 Heritage 1634.00 0.01 0.41 Economy 2140.00 0.69 Language/Dialect 959.50 0.00 1.21 The analysis of the qualitative data has allowed us to know in depth their representa- tions on the practical perspectives of the approach to identities in the classroom, beyond the elements they consider relevant. Regarding the purposes that are raised to work on identities in the classroom, as de- tailed in Figure 2, in the case of the US the most frequent purpose is its inherent importance (24.4%) without giving argued reasons why it is relevant to work on this issue “it is of great importance to work on this subject since with it we will manage to develop the identity of the students and promote the Andalusian culture” (US_36: 6), followed by the need to understand the relationship between the past and the present (20.9%) “an important part of our identity is our roots, the environment where we live, our people. Therefore, I think it is essential that they know where we come from and what has been the history before us” (US_3:6). the students “they must be trained as critical citizens so that they can participate actively following democratic values taking into account ethical principles. They should be able to identify what policies or actions to defend for the improvement of societies and their par- ticipation” (UAB_112:4) and to make visible or work on relevant social problems (20.0%) “is a relevant social problem and knowing diverse identities and the problems they have Societies 2022, 12, 138 9 of 15 caused and still cause is important for them to be empathetic and respectful people who can form their own identity” (UAB_117:6). Figure2.2.Purposes Figure Purposesforfor working working on identities on identities inclassroom. in the the classroom. AtAsthe forUAB, however, the the contents, most frequent as shown in Figure goals 3, are UAB to students train critical thinking propose (27.3%)linked contents of to the students “they must be trained as critical citizens so that they can participate actively the discipline (32.9%) “some war, such as the Second World War” (UAB_94:3) or working following democratic values taking into account ethical principles. They should be able with relevant social problems (22.9%) “globalization, contact with other cultures, massifi- to identify what policies or actions to defend for the improvement of societies and their cation, exploitation participation” of underdeveloped (UAB_112:4) and to make visiblecountries, or workslavery” (UAB_133:4). on relevant social problems (20.0%) US students propose working with relevant social problems “is a relevant social problem and knowing diverse identities and the problems (28.8%) “we they could have learn caused and still cause is important for them to be empathetic and respectful people who soci- what personal identity is, cultural/historical problems, division in society, unequal ety,form can promoting their ownrespect towards identity” poor people, equality between social classes, discrimina- (UAB_117:6). tionAsbetween races...” as for the contents, (US_46:5) shown inor attitudinal Figure 3, UAB contents or values students propose (22.4%) contents “mainly linked to thevalues discipline (32.9%) “some such as respect, Societies 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW empathy, war,tolerance, such as theetc., Second World referred toWar” (UAB_94:3) attitudinal or working contents would with be worked10 o relevant social problems (22.9%) “globalization, contact with other cultures, massification, on” (US_15:5). exploitation of underdeveloped countries, slavery” (UAB_133:4). Figure3.3.Types Figure Types of contents. of contents. US students propose working with relevant social problems (28.8%) “we could learn As for the type of activities they propose, as shown in Figure 4, US students opt what personal identity is, cultural/historical problems, division in society, unequal society, proposing research promoting respect activities towards about the poor people, environment equality (23.6%) between social “a group classes, research on w discrimination happened previously in the locality, so that students know the history and different c osities such as monuments or emblematic places of their locality” (US_3:4), followed discussion or reflection activities (16.4%) “I would make groups of several people w choose a local festival or tradition and explain to the others what it is about and al As for the type of activities they propose, as shown in Figure 4, US students opt for proposing research activities about the environment (23.6%) “a group research on what happened previously in the locality, so that students know the history and different curi- Societies 2022, 12, 138 osities such as monuments or emblematic places of their locality” (US_3:4), followed 10 of 15 by discussion or reflection activities (16.4%) “I would make groups of several people who choose a local festival or tradition and explain to the others what it is about and all its information. between After races...” being exposed, (US_46:5) I would or attitudinal open aorcommon contents debate,“mainly values (22.4%) where students should values such open personally about what they think about them” (US_22:4). as respect, empathy, tolerance, etc., referred to attitudinal contents would be worked In the case of UAB the most frequent is to propose activities of critical analysis of on” (US_15:5). information As for the(25.0%) type of“work fromthey activities the analysis propose,ofasnews, shown search for information in Figure in different 4, US students opt sources, for chronology, proposing researchmaps, debate activities about andthe argumentation, etc.” (UAB_131:4) environment (23.6%) or debates/re- “a group research on what happened previously in the locality, so that students know the history flections (15.8%) “debates: create two groups (without identification of ideology by the and different curiosities suchitas students, but monuments would or emblematic be developed randomly),places andofone their locality” group should (US_3:4), followed go in favor of Fran- by discussion coism and itsorideology, reflectionand activities the other(16.4%) group“I would make against.” groups of several (UAB_96:4). In bothpeople who cases, it is less choose frequenta local festivalactivities to propose or tradition thatand explain imply to the solution others what proposals, eitherit for is about and all devel- the research its information. After being exposed, I would open a common debate, where students oped or for the critical analysis used, or for the exploration of the children’s previous ideas should open personally about what they think about them” (US_22:4). or representations. Figure4.4.Types Figure Typesofof activities. activities. In the case of UAB the most frequent is to propose activities of critical analysis of infor- mation (25.0%) “work from the analysis of news, search for information in different sources, chronology, maps, debate and argumentation, etc.” (UAB_131:4) or debates/reflections (15.8%) “debates: create two groups (without identification of ideology by the students, but it would be developed randomly), and one group should go in favor of Francoism and its ideology, and the other group against.” (UAB_96:4). In both cases, it is less fre- quent to propose activities that imply solution proposals, either for the research developed or for the critical analysis used, or for the exploration of the children’s previous ideas or representations. 4.3. Coherence between the Representation of Their Identities and Their Practical Perspectives The trends described above generally show few differences between the groups studied. With respect to the construction of their identities, a mixed tendency predominates in both groups, in the interaction of the individual and the social, with greater importance on the social, local, and linguistic aspects to explain the construction of their identities. The differences between the groups are significantly observed in the territorial aspect, to which US students attach greater importance than UAB students. In both groups, less relevance is given to historical and national elements to explain their identity. The aspect they consider less relevant to explain the construction of their identities is the transnational aspect (Figure 5). in both groups, in the interaction of the individual and the social, with greater importance on the social, local, and linguistic aspects to explain the construction of their identities. The differences between the groups are significantly observed in the territorial as- pect, to which US students attach greater importance than UAB students. In both groups, less relevance is given to historical and national elements to explain their identity. The Societies 2022, 12, 138 11 of 15 aspect they consider less relevant to explain the construction of their identities is the trans- national aspect (Figure 5). Figure 5. Representations Figure onon 5. Representations thethe construction of their construction identities of their and identities their and differences. their differences. In In relation relation to to practical practical perspectives, perspectives, in in thethe case case of of thethe US,US, students students select select elements elements linked linked toto territory,language/dialect territory, language/dialectand andheritage heritagetotowork workon onidentities identities in in the the classroom. classroom. In In the thecase caseofofthe theUAB, UAB,the theelements elementslinked linkedtototerritory, territory,heritage, heritage,politics, politics,and andtraditions traditionsare areprioritized. prioritized.TheThe differences differencesareare significant significantwith respect with to the respect political to the element, political to which element, to Societies 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW which UAB students give more relevance, and to the language/dialect element, to which 16 UAB students give more relevance, and to the language/dialect element, to 12 ofUS which USstudents studentsgivegivemore morevalue value(Figure (Figure6). 6). Therefore, roughly speaking, in both cases, there is a correspondence between the elements they consider relevant to explain the construction of their identities and those they believe most suitable for working on identities in the classroom. Similarly, there is coherence between the purposes they propose for working on identities in the classroom, the types of content and the type of activities. Although it is true that in the case of the US, more reflection is required on the purposes for addressing this issue in the classroom. In both cases, a relationship is also perceived between the lack of a dynamic perception about the construction of their identities and the practical perspectives they put forward about their work in the classroom. Although they propose working around relevant social prob- lems or the critical analysis of information, the proposals are based on knowing and un- derstanding reality, but they forget the idea of its transformation or participation, whether inside or outside the school. Figure6.6.Representations Figure Representationson onpractical practicalperspectives perspectivesand andtheir theirdifferences. differences. 5. Discussion Therefore, roughly speaking, in both cases, there is a correspondence between the elements The they consider present relevant study shows howto explain studentsthe construction in initial trainingofhave theirrepresentations identities and about those they believe mostofsuitable the construction for working their identities with on identities a mixed in theconditioned tendency, classroom. Similarly, there is by the interaction coherence between of individual the purposes elements with close they propose social for working elements. There isona identities resistanceintothe classroom, developing a the types of content and the type of activities. Although it is true dynamic vision of the construction of their identities, which considers the interaction that in the case of the of US, more factors, multiple reflectionasiswell required as the on the purposes impact of elementsfor that addressing are not this closeissue in the to them in classroom. the recon- In both cases, a relationship figuration of their identities. is also perceived between the lack of a dynamic perception aboutThese the construction of their identities results are consistent with those and the practical exposed perspectives in the study developedtheybyput forward Tosello [21] about their work in the classroom. Although they propose working with active Social Sciences teachers in which the lack of a dynamic vision regarding their around relevant social problems or representations onthe thecritical analysis construction ofof information, their identities the proposals is also pointedare based out. The on knowing participants and understanding reality, but they forget the idea of its transformation in this study give less relevance to the transnational element in defining their identities. or participation, whether insidethe In this sense, or results outsideofthe school. Sant et al. [10] with high school students also make visible few indications of young people identifying themselves as global citizens. This is especially relevant to the extent that in recent years the need to develop a global citizenship has been reinforced. Therefore, and relying on the approaches of Pagès [30], a closer relationship between global citizenship and the teaching of Social Sciences should continue to be strengthened, also from initial teacher training. We agree with Veugelers [36, p.135] that: “Identity on a national scale receives a lot of attention within educational policy, [although] Societies 2022, 12, 138 12 of 15 5. Discussion The present study shows how students in initial training have representations about the construction of their identities with a mixed tendency, conditioned by the interaction of individual elements with close social elements. There is a resistance to developing a dynamic vision of the construction of their identities, which considers the interaction of multiple factors, as well as the impact of elements that are not close to them in the reconfiguration of their identities. These results are consistent with those exposed in the study developed by Tosello [21] with active Social Sciences teachers in which the lack of a dynamic vision regarding their representations on the construction of their identities is also pointed out. The participants in this study give less relevance to the transnational element in defining their identities. In this sense, the results of Sant et al. [10] with high school students also make visible few indications of young people identifying themselves as global citizens. This is especially relevant to the extent that in recent years the need to develop a global citizenship has been reinforced. Therefore, and relying on the approaches of Pagès [30], a closer relationship between global citizenship and the teaching of Social Sciences should continue to be strengthened, also from initial teacher training. We agree with Veugelers [36], (p. 135) that: “Identity on a national scale receives a lot of attention within educational policy, [al- though] little attention is paid to it on an international scale, although it is on the rise. The teaching of one’s own national identity [moreover] often does not receive too critical an approach”. It is therefore essential to move towards a model of “globalization from below” [38] from initial teacher training, which allows us to combine critical reflection on our identities with the need to develop multiple, critical, and inclusive identities. As Veulegers [39] rightly argues, a balance must be sought between national and international orientations of education, to strengthen democracy and tolerance at both levels in a critical way. In this sense, taking as a starting point the representations of the identities of teachers in initial training can favor a significant change in them [9]. In relation to practical perspectives, the research by González-Valencia and Santis- teban [23] shows how teachers’ social representations have an impact on the didactic proposals they put forward. This is consistent with the results of our study. Students show a perception about the construction of their identities that neglect their dynamic character. This is reflected in the didactic proposals, to the extent that they present activities that serve to develop the skills of understanding and comprehending reality, but obviate the development of the skills of action, commitment, and participation, through activities that involve proposals for solutions, participation, or action [19]. Similarly, the proposals they put forward forget the phase of exploration of previous representations and ideas. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect in a deeper way from the initial training on these issues to become aware of the relevance of working from the Social Sciences on identities from their dynamic nature, with the aim of transforming our reality. On the other hand, it is essential to consider the influence of the context on the practical perspectives of teachers in training. In the case of UAB students, unlike those of the US, they consider the political question as relevant to work on identities in the classroom. This could be due to the secessionist process in which Catalonia is immersed [32], which promotes in students in initial training the awareness of the relevance of politics as a process of participation, deliberation, and decision-making in the lives of children, and in the construction of their identity and future. Considering the relationship between students’ representations and their practical perspectives, the social problems that surround us must also be presented in the university classroom. Experiencing a critical, coherent, and research-based formative model of relevant social problems will help to favor the analysis and understanding of the problems and their identity elements, promoting their linkage and engagement with reality [22]. This will be reflected in the approach to identities in the Social Sciences classroom, with the goal Societies 2022, 12, 138 13 of 15 of moving towards a more inclusive, democratic and fair school culture, which promotes public engagement and democratic participation in children and young people [11,16,40]. 6. Conclusions Responding to the research problems of this study, in relation to the construction of their identities (P1) appears the need to reflect in the classroom to move towards a dynamic perspective on identities, which allows teachers in initial training to understand that it is not something finished, that it is in constant reconstruction, as well as that there are issues that they feel distant from themselves but that equally have an impact on their identity. In terms of practical perspectives (P2), there is a clear need to achieve greater coherence in the models that are proposed. This implies giving more relevance to the purpose of working on identities in the classroom to achieve a transformation and improvement of our environment, not only in relation to present change but also to the future. In this sense, the types of activities proposed, although in both cases they are proposals for critical analysis of information or research of the environment, forget the contact with reality and with the children’s own experiences. Few activities of exploration of previous representations or participation in the school and social environment are presented, which go beyond visits to monuments or emblematic places in towns and cities. This has some correspondence with the proposed goals, which place little emphasis on the transformation of the environment and the future, and which give less relevance to the real participation of students. Therefore, there is a need to reinforce sequences of investigative and coherent activities, which do not forget the phase of exploration of representations and ideas about the relevant social problems, in which questions linked to their identities and their ways of being and thinking about reality will necessarily appear; activities that allow them to engage with the problem (beyond their critical analysis), as well as proposals for solutions, improvements or transfer to the environment. Therefore, to also form the citizen identity in the school “to participate is learned by participating”. In relation to the construction of their identities and the practical perspective (P3), although at the didactic level, work is proposed around relevant social problems or research proposals on the environment, when they detail the type of activities, a deeper reflection on why these proposals can favor the development of multiple identities in children is lacking. This makes us think about the need to implement strategies in initial training that allow students to experience first-hand the work on relevant social problems in relation to the reconstruction of their identities. These experiences could have an impact at the individual level by understanding all the factors that affect us as individuals and society and, on the other hand, transposing these experiences into classroom practice, developing the capacity for commitment and action. Therefore, to experience and reflect on relevant social problem sequences to propose complex designs aimed at citizenship education. The results presented in this study do not pretend to be generalized, as it is a qualitative study, in two specific realities and formative moments. The study has some limitations, such as the methodological weaknesses associated with the instrument itself. Although we consider that the study can serve to implement new training strategies to work on identities in initial teacher training, we are aware that a more in-depth approach to the subject, through interviews or discussion groups, would provide a more complex view of the reality addressed. The study also leads us to ask ourselves new questions: would teachers’ representations be similar in other contexts, and do in-service teachers have a more critical perspective on the approach to identities in the classroom? In short, the initial training of primary education teachers requires attention to the construction of individual and collective identities of students, through the analysis of their social representations, as a fundamental part of their citizenship training. Furthermore, as the other essential aspect of their training, future teachers must work with their practical perspectives, to transfer to the classroom an inclusive, diverse, and global idea of identity, making all people and groups visible. Societies 2022, 12, 138 14 of 15 Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/soc12050138/s1, Supplementary Material S1: Questionnaire “Construction of identities and their teaching in Social Sciences”. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Data curation, N.P.- R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Formal analysis, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Funding acquisition, N.P.-R.; Investigation, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Methodology, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Project administration, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Resources, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Software, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Supervision, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Validation, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Visualization, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Writing—original draft, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M.; Writing—review and editing, N.P.-R., A.S., N.D.-A.-F. and E.N.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by University of Seville Own Research and Transfer Plan “Short- term stays in Spain and Abroad for the year 2020 for beneficiaries of scholarships/contracts for Pre-doctoral or Personal Research Trainees” grant number VIPPIT-2020-EBRV. It is the result of a short stay carried out by Noelia Pérez-Rodríguez at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Data Availability Statement: The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available because the identities of some participants are visible, undermining privacy protection. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to N.P-R, nperez4@us.es. Acknowledgments: The collaboration of the preservice teachers training is gratefully acknowledged, as well as the contributions made by the GREDICS group to this research. 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