348838c45220e74ea9b69dd828488baa 292351.pdf b4c6bcb1c5b01dbe61745cc0efe17ab6b35542f8 292351.pdf c6a53869014d3c23ab6b307eeaac7208232f186075bef53ac710a815065edc0c 292351.pdf Title: Pituitary Apoplexy: Risk Factors and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms Subject: Pituitary apoplexy is a rare syndrome, graded from asymptomatic subclinical apoplexy to a life-threatening condition due to pituitary ischemia or haemorrhage of an enlarged pituitary gland. The risk factors and the molecular underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. We provide an overview of the general concepts, the potential factors associated with pituitary adenoma susceptibility for apoplectic events and the molecular mechanisms that could be involved such as HIF-1/VEGF pathways and metalloproteinases activation, among others. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that could participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy is crucial to advancement in the identification of future diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in this rare but sometimes fatal condition. Keywords: apoplexy; molecular; pituitary; VEGF; AIP; TNF; growth factors; hypoxia-inducing factor; matrix metalloproteinase; review Author: Betina Biagetti and Rafael Simò Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Aug 5 12:53:45 2022 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 5 12:56:31 2022 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 10637229 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QDCWHF+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 10 0 CSFEHH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 14 0 KLHBYR+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 GWYHZF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 WLFTRW+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 27 0 EIFDAO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 CKUPDE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 53 0 GFAWRG+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 75 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-05-29 02:40:45 CEST RepresentationInformation: 292351.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-28 18:47:38 CEST Size: 10637229 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 340 FreeObjects: 7 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Conclusions and Remarks Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.4 Info: Title: Pituitary Apoplexy: Risk Factors and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms Author: Betina Biagetti and Rafael Simò Subject: Pituitary apoplexy is a rare syndrome, graded from asymptomatic subclinical apoplexy to a life-threatening condition due to pituitary ischemia or haemorrhage of an enlarged pituitary gland. The risk factors and the molecular underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. We provide an overview of the general concepts, the potential factors associated with pituitary adenoma susceptibility for apoplectic events and the molecular mechanisms that could be involved such as HIF-1/VEGF pathways and metalloproteinases activation, among others. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that could participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy is crucial to advancement in the identification of future diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in this rare but sometimes fatal condition. 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