c7a22ad119d025807803f950fa82e66f microorganisms_10_01432.pdf 8d97b46526b61658759dbbe30f264bab36aac242 microorganisms_10_01432.pdf 913ef1d5f5396ca88dfd28e73848d511d82f2ee5ca605dc025f7843610de3306 microorganisms_10_01432.pdf Title: Metagenomic Characterization of Resistance Genes in Deception Island and Their Association with Mobile Genetic Elements Subject: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are undergoing a remarkably rapid geographic expansion in various ecosystems, including pristine environments such as Antarctica. The study of ARGs and environmental resistance genes (ERGs) mechanisms could provide a better understanding of their origin, evolution, and dissemination in these pristine environments. Here, we describe the diversity of ARGs and ERGs and the importance of mobile genetic elements as a possible mechanism for the dissemination of resistance genes in Antarctica. We analyzed five soil metagenomes from Deception Island in Antarctica. Results showed that detected ARGs are associated with mechanisms such as antibiotic efflux, antibiotic inactivation, and target alteration. On the other hand, resistance to metals, surfactants, and aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant ERGs. The taxonomy of ARGs showed that Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Staphylococcus could be key taxa for studying antibiotic resistance and environmental resistance to stress in Deception Island. In addition, results showed that ARGs are mainly associated with phage-type mobile elements suggesting a potential role in their dissemination and prevalence. Finally, these results provide valuable information regarding the ARGs and ERGs in Deception Island including the potential contribution of mobile genetic elements to the spread of ARGs and ERGs in one of the least studied Antarctic ecosystems to date. Keywords: Antarctic soils; phages; plasmids; pristine environments Author: Andrés Santos, Felipe Burgos, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza and Leticia Barrientos Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Jul 15 12:42:19 2022 CEST ModDate: Fri Jul 15 12:44:50 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2815404 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- AWHDWW+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 BLQWIV+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 FYKSEY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 XTRNXX+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SIXRFS+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 AAPCWM+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes 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KICPBI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 168 0 KICPAE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 177 0 KICPBG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 180 0 KICPBI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 183 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-03-01 02:35:19 CET RepresentationInformation: microorganisms_10_01432.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-02-25 01:34:30 CET Size: 2815404 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 443 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Sample Collection and Site Description Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: DNA Extraction and Sequencing Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Bioinformatic Data Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Metagenomic Assembly Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Resistance Genes Identification Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Taxonomy of Resistance Genes Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Identification of Mobile Genetic Elements and Their Association with ARGs and ERGs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Co-Occurrence Gene Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Children: Item: Title: Sample Collection and Description Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Resistance Genes Identification Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Taxonomy and Resistance Genes Associations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Contribution of Mobile Elements to de Dissemination of ARGs and ERGs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Children: Item: Title: Sample Collection and Description Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: ARGs Found in Deception Island Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: Resistance Mechanisms in Deception Island Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Item: Title: ERGs Found in Deception Island Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Item: Title: Taxonomy and Resistance Genes Associations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6121c9d6 Item: Title: Co-Occurrence of ARGs and ERGs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@87f383f Item: Title: Contribution of Mobile Elements to de Dissemination of ARGs and ERGs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4eb7f003 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@eafc191 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612fc6eb Info: Title: Metagenomic Characterization of Resistance Genes in Deception Island and Their Association with Mobile Genetic Elements Author: Andrés Santos, Felipe Burgos, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza and Leticia Barrientos Subject: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are undergoing a remarkably rapid geographic expansion in various ecosystems, including pristine environments such as Antarctica. The study of ARGs and environmental resistance genes (ERGs) mechanisms could provide a better understanding of their origin, evolution, and dissemination in these pristine environments. Here, we describe the diversity of ARGs and ERGs and the importance of mobile genetic elements as a possible mechanism for the dissemination of resistance genes in Antarctica. We analyzed five soil metagenomes from Deception Island in Antarctica. Results showed that detected ARGs are associated with mechanisms such as antibiotic efflux, antibiotic inactivation, and target alteration. On the other hand, resistance to metals, surfactants, and aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant ERGs. The taxonomy of ARGs showed that Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Staphylococcus could be key taxa for studying antibiotic resistance and environmental resistance to stress in Deception Island. In addition, results showed that ARGs are mainly associated with phage-type mobile elements suggesting a potential role in their dissemination and prevalence. Finally, these results provide valuable information regarding the ARGs and ERGs in Deception Island including the potential contribution of mobile genetic elements to the spread of ARGs and ERGs in one of the least studied Antarctic ecosystems to date. 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