968c530c29ac513373f8723db6068966 symmetry_14_00981.pdf e94ebeb8ab455c581ceec13645ea5c4fd789ffb2 symmetry_14_00981.pdf 2e2fc32f97280f3d127d5154f3456fee81f2f496bbe65bf43357f07b4660d47b symmetry_14_00981.pdf Title: Differential Impact of Forest Fragmentation on Fluctuating Asymmetry in South Amazonian Small Mammals Subject: (1) Background: Southern Amazonia encompasses some of the most human-impacted and deforested regions of South America, resulting in a hyper-fragmented landscape. In this context, by using a geometric morphometrics approach, we aimed to examine the effect of forest fragmentation on developmental instability (DI) of the mandible, assessed by variation of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in four neotropical small mammal species inhabiting the municipality of Alta Floresta (Brazil). (2) Methods: The impact of fragment area, fragment shape, isolation, and edge length on DI were assessed by measuring variation in mandibular FA in the long-tailed spiny rat (Proechimys longicaudatus), the hairy-tailed bolo mouse (Necromys lasiurus), the woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa demerarae), and the Amazonian red-sided opossum (Monodelphis glirina). Mandibles from a total of 304 specimens originating from different-sized fragments (ranging from 5 to 900 ha) were used. Twelve homologous landmarks were digitized in photographs of the mesial view of each hemi-mandible. (3) Results: The two largest species, P. longicaudatus and M. demerarae, exhibited significantly higher levels of FA in mandibular shape in small fragments (5–26 ha) in comparison to large ones (189–900 ha). Edge length negatively impacted M. demerarae, the only arboreal species, reinforcing its strongest dependence on core forest habitats. (4) Conclusions: For small mammal communities, we propose that fragments >~200 ha should be the focus of conservation efforts, as both resilient and more sensitive species would benefit from their more preserved biotic and abiotic conditions. Conversely, fragments <~25 ha seem to lead to a significant increase in stress during developmental stages. Keywords: Amazon tropical forest; forest fragmentation; edge effect; mandible shape; neotropical rodentia; neotropical didelphimorphia; geometric morphometrics; fluctuating asymmetry; antisymmetry Author: Welvis Felipe Fernandes Castilheiro, Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz, Jacint Ventura, Manoel dos Santos-Filho, Maria da Luz Mathias and Sofia Isabel Gabriel Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed May 11 08:49:56 2022 CEST ModDate: Wed May 11 09:11:44 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1665531 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- RJMPFK+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 UUGGCJ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 MKDYGY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 QKDRRO+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 GXBWHU+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 42 0 CSRIGL+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 45 0 DTNQOX+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 70 0 LGICCP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 80 0 LGICDB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 LGICDD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 86 0 LGICCP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 98 0 LGICDB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 LGICDD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 104 0 LGIEAK+Calibri CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 107 0 GQNMRP+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 117 0 GIGFZE+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 121 0 NAHGNC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 128 0 LGIEMJ+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 145 0 LGICCP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 148 0 LGICDA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 151 0 LGICDB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 157 0 LGICDD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 160 0 LGICCP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 170 0 LGICDB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 173 0 LGICDD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 176 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-02-25 02:35:41 CET RepresentationInformation: symmetry_14_00981.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-02-22 01:34:24 CET Size: 1665531 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 426 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Study Sites and Specimens Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Fluctuating Asymmetry Estimates Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Estimates of Landscape Metrics Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Info: Title: Differential Impact of Forest Fragmentation on Fluctuating Asymmetry in South Amazonian Small Mammals Author: Welvis Felipe Fernandes Castilheiro, Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz, Jacint Ventura, Manoel dos Santos-Filho, Maria da Luz Mathias and Sofia Isabel Gabriel Subject: (1) Background: Southern Amazonia encompasses some of the most human-impacted and deforested regions of South America, resulting in a hyper-fragmented landscape. In this context, by using a geometric morphometrics approach, we aimed to examine the effect of forest fragmentation on developmental instability (DI) of the mandible, assessed by variation of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in four neotropical small mammal species inhabiting the municipality of Alta Floresta (Brazil). (2) Methods: The impact of fragment area, fragment shape, isolation, and edge length on DI were assessed by measuring variation in mandibular FA in the long-tailed spiny rat (Proechimys longicaudatus), the hairy-tailed bolo mouse (Necromys lasiurus), the woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa demerarae), and the Amazonian red-sided opossum (Monodelphis glirina). Mandibles from a total of 304 specimens originating from different-sized fragments (ranging from 5 to 900 ha) were used. Twelve homologous landmarks were digitized in photographs of the mesial view of each hemi-mandible. (3) Results: The two largest species, P. longicaudatus and M. demerarae, exhibited significantly higher levels of FA in mandibular shape in small fragments (5 26 ha) in comparison to large ones (189 900 ha). Edge length negatively impacted M. demerarae, the only arboreal species, reinforcing its strongest dependence on core forest habitats. (4) Conclusions: For small mammal communities, we propose that fragments >~200 ha should be the focus of conservation efforts, as both resilient and more sensitive species would benefit from their more preserved biotic and abiotic conditions. Conversely, fragments <~25 ha seem to lead to a significant increase in stress during developmental stages. Keywords: Amazon tropical forest; forest fragmentation; edge effect; mandible shape; neotropical rodentia; neotropical didelphimorphia; geometric morphometrics; fluctuating asymmetry; antisymmetry Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed May 11 08:49:56 CEST 2022 ModDate: Wed May 11 09:11:44 CEST 2022 ID: 0x55215de2ff32bca298eb9a33a0b3667e, 0x55215de2ff32bca298eb9a33a0b3667e Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: NAHGNC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 117 FontDescriptor: FontName: NAHGNC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: MKDYGY+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: MKDYGY+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: GQNMRP+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 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