f2a2119178e548b3f755f95670e87d6f pmc_35055099.pdf 61443fb67d38d25bddbe12cfdfcf95476f595d0f pmc_35055099.pdf 4680431e8bad1dc2eec9b2bfe3fd76e2f9911376b43da62c25f34c09250e8772 pmc_35055099.pdf Title: Endothelial Dysfunction: An Intermediate Clinical Feature between Urolithiasis and Cardiovascular Diseases Subject: An epidemiological relationship between urolithiasis and cardiovascular diseases has extensively been reported. Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathogenic event in cardiovascular diseases and has been associated with oxidative stress and low chronic inflammation in hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke or the vascular complications of diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms of urolithiasis in relation to the development of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular morbidities. Methods: A non-systematic review has been performed mixing the terms “urolithiasis”, “kidney stone” or “nephrolithiasis” with “cardiovascular disease”, “myocardial infarction”, “stroke”, or “endothelial dysfunction”. Results: Patients with nephrolithiasis develop a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease with a relative risk estimated between 1.20 and 1.24 and also develop a higher vascular disease risk scores. Analyses of subgroups have rendered inconclusive results regarding gender or age. Endothelial dysfunction has also been strongly associated with urolithiasis in clinical studies, although no systemic serum markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation or oxidative stress could be clearly related. Analysis of urine composition of lithiasic patients also detected a higher expression of proteins related to cardiovascular disease. Experimental models of hyperoxaluria have also found elevation of serum endothelial dysfunction markers. Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction has been strongly associated with urolithiasis and based on the experimental evidence, should be considered as an intermediate and changeable feature between urolithiasis and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress, a key pathogenic factor in the development of endothelial dysfunction has been also pointed out as an important factor of lithogenesis. Special attention must be paid to cardiovascular morbidities associated with urolithiasis in order to take advantage of pleiotropic effects of statins, angiotensin receptor blockers and allopurinol. Keywords: endothelial dysfunction; oxidative stress; urolithiasis; kidney stones Author: Javier Saenz-Medina, Mercedes Muñoz, Claudia Rodriguez, Ana Sanchez, Cristina Contreras, Joaquín Carballido-Rodríguez and Dolores Prieto Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Jan 14 16:43:54 2022 CET ModDate: Fri Jan 14 16:51:44 2022 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 601622 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- FDBOSZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ENTNRC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 IAKPXX+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 UJUUJI+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 27 0 WLENKM+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 44 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 48 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 60 0 CKUPDE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 63 0 JDUPKS+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 85 0 KCYDRE+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 92 0 WABLSD+SFRM1000 Type 1 Custom yes yes no 114 0 CGDFOM+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 CGDFOO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 132 0 CGDFPA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 135 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-05-07 04:30:14 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_35055099.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2022-01-31 03:37:04 CET Size: 601622 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 596 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Literature Search Methodology Destination: section.2 Item: Title: ROS and Renal Oxidative Stress Sources Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Nephrolithiasis, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Chronic Low Inflammation Diseases and Urolithiasis Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: Endothelial Dysfunction: Clinical Implications, Detection and Correction Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Endothelial Dysfunction: A Clinical Feature Highly Associated to Nephrolithiasis Destination: section.7 Item: Title: Concluding Remarks Destination: section.8 Item: Title: References Destination: section.8 Info: Title: Endothelial Dysfunction: An Intermediate Clinical Feature between Urolithiasis and Cardiovascular Diseases Author: Javier Saenz-Medina, Mercedes Muñoz, Claudia Rodriguez, Ana Sanchez, Cristina Contreras, Joaquín Carballido-Rodríguez and Dolores Prieto Subject: An epidemiological relationship between urolithiasis and cardiovascular diseases has extensively been reported. Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathogenic event in cardiovascular diseases and has been associated with oxidative stress and low chronic inflammation in hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke or the vascular complications of diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms of urolithiasis in relation to the development of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular morbidities. Methods: A non-systematic review has been performed mixing the terms “urolithiasis”, “kidney stone” or “nephrolithiasis” with “cardiovascular disease”, “myocardial infarction”, “stroke”, or “endothelial dysfunction”. Results: Patients with nephrolithiasis develop a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease with a relative risk estimated between 1.20 and 1.24 and also develop a higher vascular disease risk scores. Analyses of subgroups have rendered inconclusive results regarding gender or age. Endothelial dysfunction has also been strongly associated with urolithiasis in clinical studies, although no systemic serum markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation or oxidative stress could be clearly related. Analysis of urine composition of lithiasic patients also detected a higher expression of proteins related to cardiovascular disease. Experimental models of hyperoxaluria have also found elevation of serum endothelial dysfunction markers. Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction has been strongly associated with urolithiasis and based on the experimental evidence, should be considered as an intermediate and changeable feature between urolithiasis and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress, a key pathogenic factor in the development of endothelial dysfunction has been also pointed out as an important factor of lithogenesis. Special attention must be paid to cardiovascular morbidities associated with urolithiasis in order to take advantage of pleiotropic effects of statins, angiotensin receptor blockers and allopurinol. 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