2fb411e230e6c9f261a0bb5cd3aee256 pmc_35206413.pdf 1548bf61d3b3b8295283a4eaae9efa8bc16919c5 pmc_35206413.pdf 45072cb3d522a05e5fd23f2868923f9c995c15a72f06c6bd085b220ae559273d pmc_35206413.pdf Title: Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy Subject: This cross-cultural study explores the relationship of natural outdoor environment (NOE) use with NOE access. Most urban planning recommendations suggest optimal accessibility to be 300 m–500 m straight distance to spaces with vegetation of at least 1 hectare. Exploring this recommendation, we used data (n = 3947) from four European cities collected in the framework of the PHENOTYPE study: Barcelona (Spain), Doetinchem (The Netherlands), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom) to obtain residential access to NOE (straight or network distances, using 300 m and 150 m buffers, to NOE larger than 1 hectare or 0.5 hectare) and use of NOE (i.e., self-reported time spent in NOE). Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between residential access and use of NOE. The models with the strongest association with time spent in NOE in the combined sample were for those living within 300 m straight line distance to either 0.5 ha or 1 ha NOE. Noting that the only indicator that was consistent across all individual cities was living with 150 m network buffer of NOE (of at least 1 ha), this warrants further exploration in reducing recommendations of 300 m straight-line distance to 150 m network distance to 1 ha of NOE for a general indicator for cities within Europe. Keywords: natural outdoor environments; green space; access; use; distance; time spent Author: Daniel Masterson, Margarita Triguero-Mas, Sandra Marquez, Wilma Zijlema, David Martinez, Christopher Gidlow, Graham Smith, Gemma Hurst, Marta Cirach, Regina Grazuleviciene, Magdalena Van den Berg, Hanneke Kruize, Jolanda Maas and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Feb 17 12:09:52 2022 CET ModDate: Thu Feb 17 12:14:53 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 878196 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CMRYXI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 MYKUIB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 LVHJIM+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 QEYLHA+URWPalladioL-Ital 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application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 317 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Children: Item: Title: Natural Outdoor Environments and Health Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Access and Use of Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Aims of Study Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Study Setting Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Participants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Measures Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Children: Item: Title: Time Spent in Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Objective Measures of Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Straight-Line Distance Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Road Network Distance Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Covariates Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Children: Item: Title: Study Scope Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Policy Implications Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Item: Title: Appendix A Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6121c9d6 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@87f383f Info: Title: Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy Author: Daniel Masterson, Margarita Triguero-Mas, Sandra Marquez, Wilma Zijlema, David Martinez, Christopher Gidlow, Graham Smith, Gemma Hurst, Marta Cirach, Regina Grazuleviciene, Magdalena Van den Berg, Hanneke Kruize, Jolanda Maas and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Subject: This cross-cultural study explores the relationship of natural outdoor environment (NOE) use with NOE access. Most urban planning recommendations suggest optimal accessibility to be 300 m 500 m straight distance to spaces with vegetation of at least 1 hectare. Exploring this recommendation, we used data (n = 3947) from four European cities collected in the framework of the PHENOTYPE study: Barcelona (Spain), Doetinchem (The Netherlands), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom) to obtain residential access to NOE (straight or network distances, using 300 m and 150 m buffers, to NOE larger than 1 hectare or 0.5 hectare) and use of NOE (i.e., self-reported time spent in NOE). Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between residential access and use of NOE. The models with the strongest association with time spent in NOE in the combined sample were for those living within 300 m straight line distance to either 0.5 ha or 1 ha NOE. Noting that the only indicator that was consistent across all individual cities was living with 150 m network buffer of NOE (of at least 1 ha), this warrants further exploration in reducing recommendations of 300 m straight-line distance to 150 m network distance to 1 ha of NOE for a general indicator for cities within Europe. 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