f17bade3bea19b801605ec7ca7a993fe pmc_8949489.pdf ed1d7f49307853483b999d277df638f751852181 pmc_8949489.pdf 089cefe268c7e41ead5bee4e46db284b09d27aa7cde312dc6c41f6235d225979 pmc_8949489.pdf Title: Towards Accurate Point-of-Care Tests for Tuberculosis in Children Subject: In childhood tuberculosis (TB), with an estimated 69% of missed cases in children under 5 years of age, the case detection gap is larger than in other age groups, mainly due to its paucibacillary nature and children’s difficulties in delivering sputum specimens. Accurate and accessible point-of-care tests (POCTs) are needed to detect TB disease in children and, in turn, reduce TB-related morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. In recent years, several POCTs for TB have been developed. These include new tools to improve the detection of TB in respiratory and gastric samples, such as molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based GeneXpert. In addition, the urine-based detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM), as well as imaging modalities through point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), are currently the POCTs in use. Further to this, artificial intelligence-based interpretation of ultrasound imaging and radiography is now integrated into computer-aided detection products. In the future, portable radiography may become more widely available, and robotics-supported ultrasound imaging is currently being trialed. Finally, novel blood-based tests evaluating the immune response using “omic-“techniques are underway. This approach, including transcriptomics, metabolomic, proteomics, lipidomics and genomics, is still distant from being translated into POCT formats, but the digital development may rapidly enhance innovation in this field. Despite these significant advances, TB-POCT development and implementation remains challenged by the lack of standard ways to access non-sputum-based samples, the need to differentiate TB infection from disease and to gain acceptance for novel testing strategies specific to the conditions and settings of use. Keywords: GeneXpert; LAM; LAMP; lipoarabinomannan; POCT; POCUS; sonography; Truenat Author: Nina Vaezipour, Nora Fritschi, Noé Brasier, Sabine Bélard, José Domínguez, Marc Tebruegge, Damien Portevin and Nicole Ritz Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Mar 15 06:59:24 2022 CET ModDate: Tue Mar 15 08:53:19 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 917233 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- LNTTSH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 CPSXQP+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 PHPGZK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 GHGCJK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 YSPQJI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 44 0 UXHOAG+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 57 0 ZYGMNY+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 LILDEF+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 113 0 LILDEH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 116 0 LILDEJ+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 119 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-06-10 02:38:55 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_8949489.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-04-26 18:00:19 CEST Size: 917233 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 474 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Currently Available Point-of-Care Tests (POCT) for Childhood Tuberculosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Detection of Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in Urine Using Lateral Flow Assays Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: PCR-Based Point-of-Care Tests Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) Imaging for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) Imaging for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Developments Using Ultrasound Imaging Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Pipeline and Developments of Point-of-Care Tests for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Children: Item: Title: Immune Response Biomarkers Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Biomarker Detection in Urine Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Artificial Intelligence-Supported Interpretation Radiography Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Potentially Available Point-of-Care Tests in the More Distant Future Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Children: Item: Title: Portable Radiography Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Supported Ultrasound Imaging Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: The “Omics” Approach and Digital Development Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Challenges for Tuberculosis Point-of-Care Tests Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Info: Title: Towards Accurate Point-of-Care Tests for Tuberculosis in Children Author: Nina Vaezipour, Nora Fritschi, Noé Brasier, Sabine Bélard, José Domínguez, Marc Tebruegge, Damien Portevin and Nicole Ritz Subject: In childhood tuberculosis (TB), with an estimated 69% of missed cases in children under 5 years of age, the case detection gap is larger than in other age groups, mainly due to its paucibacillary nature and children’s difficulties in delivering sputum specimens. Accurate and accessible point-of-care tests (POCTs) are needed to detect TB disease in children and, in turn, reduce TB-related morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. In recent years, several POCTs for TB have been developed. These include new tools to improve the detection of TB in respiratory and gastric samples, such as molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based GeneXpert. In addition, the urine-based detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM), as well as imaging modalities through point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), are currently the POCTs in use. Further to this, artificial intelligence-based interpretation of ultrasound imaging and radiography is now integrated into computer-aided detection products. In the future, portable radiography may become more widely available, and robotics-supported ultrasound imaging is currently being trialed. Finally, novel blood-based tests evaluating the immune response using “omic-“techniques are underway. This approach, including transcriptomics, metabolomic, proteomics, lipidomics and genomics, is still distant from being translated into POCT formats, but the digital development may rapidly enhance innovation in this field. Despite these significant advances, TB-POCT development and implementation remains challenged by the lack of standard ways to access non-sputum-based samples, the need to differentiate TB infection from disease and to gain acceptance for novel testing strategies specific to the conditions and settings of use. 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