c4b6856a6dc657e19670cad24471185c pmc_8949939.pdf 9684228b6b6a586a370527213922f4d60310325c pmc_8949939.pdf 63b09ed10db2d223bb618d4b7a984b93cd71cfaeb1208f2119d93ee68f9dfc1d pmc_8949939.pdf Title: Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns Subject: The present study aimed to determine the presence of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in breast milk samples from 123 nursing women and the degree of exposure of infants to this toxin, in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon state (northeast Mexico). Upon analysis, 100% of the samples were found to be contaminated with the toxin at an average concentration of 17.04 ng/L, with a range of 5.00 to 66.23 ng/L. A total of 13.01% of the breast milk samples exceeded the regulatory limit of 25 ng/L for AFM1 concentration, set by the European Union. The estimated daily intake for AFM1 and the carcinogenic risk index were also determined in the 0- to 6-, 7- to 12-, 13- to 24-, and 25- to 36-month-old age groups. The AFM1 intake through breast milk ranged from 1.09 to 20.17 ng/kg weight/day, and was higher than the tolerable daily intake, indicating a carcinogenic risk for infants in the age groups of 0- to 24-months old. This evidence demonstrates a susceptibility of breast milk to AFM1 contamination that may suggest a carcinogenic risk for the breastfed infants in Monterrey city, Nuevo Leon state, and the need to control the presence of aflatoxins in foods eaten by nursing mothers. Keywords: aflatoxin M1; breast milk; AFM1 daily intake; infant population; carcinogenic risk; Monterrey (Mexico) Author: Rogelio Salas, Nallely Acosta, Aurora de Jesús Garza, Alexandra Tijerina, Roberto Dávila, Zacarías Jiménez-Salas, Laura Otero, Mirna Santos and Antonio-José Trujillo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat Mar 5 12:41:44 2022 CET ModDate: Sat Mar 5 12:43:41 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 7 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 319557 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DLKJNP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 FUMZCU+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 OTKYRJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 IECQXT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 OSMCID+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 44 0 DVMWWR+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 57 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 79 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 86 0 UOEJDY+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 93 0 URFODN+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 97 0 AYXMDM+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 101 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-04-28 02:27:19 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_8949939.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-04-26 18:00:12 CEST Size: 319557 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 252 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Breast Milk Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Quantitative AFM1 Determination by ELISA Assay Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Estimation of AFM1 Exposure in Infants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Carcinogenic Risk Index Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Info: Title: Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns Author: Rogelio Salas, Nallely Acosta, Aurora de Jesús Garza, Alexandra Tijerina, Roberto Dávila, Zacarías Jiménez-Salas, Laura Otero, Mirna Santos and Antonio-José Trujillo Subject: The present study aimed to determine the presence of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in breast milk samples from 123 nursing women and the degree of exposure of infants to this toxin, in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon state (northeast Mexico). Upon analysis, 100% of the samples were found to be contaminated with the toxin at an average concentration of 17.04 ng/L, with a range of 5.00 to 66.23 ng/L. A total of 13.01% of the breast milk samples exceeded the regulatory limit of 25 ng/L for AFM1 concentration, set by the European Union. The estimated daily intake for AFM1 and the carcinogenic risk index were also determined in the 0- to 6-, 7- to 12-, 13- to 24-, and 25- to 36-month-old age groups. The AFM1 intake through breast milk ranged from 1.09 to 20.17 ng/kg weight/day, and was higher than the tolerable daily intake, indicating a carcinogenic risk for infants in the age groups of 0- to 24-months old. This evidence demonstrates a susceptibility of breast milk to AFM1 contamination that may suggest a carcinogenic risk for the breastfed infants in Monterrey city, Nuevo Leon state, and the need to control the presence of aflatoxins in foods eaten by nursing mothers. 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