679d7b2af75a769cf3938c3b4fc7ea09 pmc_8955002.pdf 74fa71414cc1288629ec75c133194a66d6904126 pmc_8955002.pdf 82935bf9d949ab613c620d161f9909b8b22931d5dfb32a5c851c5e43ebdb2413 pmc_8955002.pdf Title: Integrated Management Strategies for Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Disease Control in Marine Fish Farming in the Mediterranean Subject: Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is the most important viral disease affecting farmed fish in the Mediterranean. VNN can affect multiple fish species in all production phases (broodstock, hatchery, nursery and ongrowing) and sizes, but it is especially severe in larvae and juvenile stages, where can it cause up to 100% mortalities. European sea bass has been and is still the most affected species, and VNN in gilthead sea bream has become an emerging problem in recent years affecting larvae and juveniles and associated to the presence of new nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortants. The relevance of this disease as one of the main biological hazards for Mediterranean finfish farming has been particularly addressed in two recent H2020 projects: PerformFISH and MedAID. The presence of the virus in the environment and in the farming systems poses a serious menace for the development of the Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. Several risks associated to the VNN development in farms have been identified in the different phases of the farming system. The main risks concerning VNN affecting gilthead seabream and European seabass have been identified as restocking from wild fish in broodstock facilities, the origin of eggs and juveniles, quality water supply and live food in hatcheries and nurseries, and infected juveniles and location of farms in endemic areas for on-growing sites. Due to the potential severe impact, a holistic integrated management approach is the best strategy to control VNN in marine fish farms. This approach should include continuous surveillance and early and accurate diagnosis, essential for an early intervention when an outbreak occurs, the implementation of biosecurity and disinfection procedures in the production sites and systematic vaccination with effective vaccines. Outbreak management practices, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques, and disinfections methods are reviewed in detail in this paper. Additionally, new strategies are becoming more relevant, such as the use of genetic resistant lines and boosting the fish immune system though nutrition. Keywords: viral disease; sea bass; sea bream; viral encephalopathy and retinopathy; biosecurity; disease management Author: Francesc Padrós, Massimo Caggiano, Anna Toffan, Maria Constenla, Carlos Zarza and Sara Ciulli Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Mar 23 03:08:11 2022 CET ModDate: Wed Mar 23 03:10:28 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 27 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 404989 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SOZKOC+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 CMFVHJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 DCTLKM+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 MFYOZR+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 NMLRGU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C 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Caggiano, Anna Toffan, Maria Constenla, Carlos Zarza and Sara Ciulli Subject: Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is the most important viral disease affecting farmed fish in the Mediterranean. VNN can affect multiple fish species in all production phases (broodstock, hatchery, nursery and ongrowing) and sizes, but it is especially severe in larvae and juvenile stages, where can it cause up to 100% mortalities. European sea bass has been and is still the most affected species, and VNN in gilthead sea bream has become an emerging problem in recent years affecting larvae and juveniles and associated to the presence of new nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortants. The relevance of this disease as one of the main biological hazards for Mediterranean finfish farming has been particularly addressed in two recent H2020 projects: PerformFISH and MedAID. The presence of the virus in the environment and in the farming systems poses a serious menace for the development of the Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. Several risks associated to the VNN development in farms have been identified in the different phases of the farming system. The main risks concerning VNN affecting gilthead seabream and European seabass have been identified as restocking from wild fish in broodstock facilities, the origin of eggs and juveniles, quality water supply and live food in hatcheries and nurseries, and infected juveniles and location of farms in endemic areas for on-growing sites. Due to the potential severe impact, a holistic integrated management approach is the best strategy to control VNN in marine fish farms. This approach should include continuous surveillance and early and accurate diagnosis, essential for an early intervention when an outbreak occurs, the implementation of biosecurity and disinfection procedures in the production sites and systematic vaccination with effective vaccines. Outbreak management practices, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques, and disinfections methods are reviewed in detail in this paper. Additionally, new strategies are becoming more relevant, such as the use of genetic resistant lines and boosting the fish immune system though nutrition. 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Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 423, 283, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 399, 419, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 399, 461, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 330, 323, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 330, 365, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 296, 375, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 273, 440, 284 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 239, 96, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 205, 194, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 181, 371, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 158, 515, 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 124, 141, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 100, 363, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 100, 405, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 183, 77, 220, 88 Page: Sequence: 27 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 699, 547, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 676, 361, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 629, 391, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 606, 533, 617 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 572, 233, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 549, 451, 560 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 491, 402, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 174, 445, 211, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 422, 489, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 399, 481, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 366, 151, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 330, 334, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 296, 497, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 274, 155, 284 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 250, 467, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 216, 155, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 216, 197, 226 Checksum: 77182b2f Type: CRC32 Checksum: 679d7b2af75a769cf3938c3b4fc7ea09 Type: MD5 Checksum: 74fa71414cc1288629ec75c133194a66d6904126 Type: SHA-1