83befe71bce30abbdd2e3b4c8d65f99f pmc_9369646.pdf 633217fe4f8cc68209658d12a8775aef13d90cd7 pmc_9369646.pdf 37347a5c1b3b95a3ceafce3c067ec321f8bd21f19fdf211775535e10c3b7cd38 pmc_9369646.pdf Title: Do Sex/Gender and Menopause Influence the Psychopathology and Comorbidity Observed in Delusional Disorders? Subject: Background: While sex differences and gonadal hormone levels are taken seriously in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, their influence in the psychopathology of delusional disorders (DD) remains unknown. Methods: Our strategy was to conduct a narrative review of the effects of (a) sex/gender difference and (b) menopause on delusional content, affective and anxiety-related comorbidity, substance use disorders, cognition, aggressivity, and suicide risk in DD. Results: Because the literature is scarce, our results are tentative. We found that erotomania was more prevalent in women than in men, and especially in women with premenopausal onset. In contrast, jealous and somatic delusions were more commonly seen in DD women with postmenopausal onset. With respect to depressive comorbidity, women with premenopausal onset appear more vulnerable to depression than those with later onset. Age at menopause is reported to correlate positively with intensity of suicidal ideation. Anxiety symptoms may be related to estrogen levels. Men present with higher rates of substance use disorders, particularly alcohol use. Conclusions: Many male/female differences in DD may be attributable to sociocultural factors but menopause, and, therefore, levels of female hormones, influence symptom expression in women and mediate the expression of psychiatric comorbidities. Further research in this area promises to lead to improved individualized treatment. Keywords: delusional disorders; psychosis; sex; women; psychopathology Author: Alexandre González-Rodríguez, Mary V. Seeman, Alexandre Díaz-Pons, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Mentxu Natividad, Eva Calvo and José A. Monreal Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Aug 4 11:51:25 2022 CEST ModDate: Thu Aug 4 11:54:54 2022 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 456669 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CYVJLM+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 GWUZVY+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 ODYFYK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 GJEFWG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 XPUSBJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 BSDWLC+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 ECAPCL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 82 0 ECAPDM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 85 0 ECAPDO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 88 0 ZKKPWI+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 113 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 117 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-03-20 02:41:08 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_9369646.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-10-06 02:18:02 CEST Size: 456669 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 359 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: The Effects of Sex/Gender on Delusional Themes in Delusional Disorders Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Potential Effects of Sex/Gender on Affective Comorbidity and Anxiety Disorders in DD Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: The Effects of Sex/Gender on Substance Use Disorders in Delusional Disorder Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: The Effect of Sex/Gender on Suicide Risk and Aggressivity in Delusional Disorder Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: The Effect of Sex/Gender on Cognition in Delusional Disorder Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Do Sex/Gender and Menopause Influence the Psychopathology and Comorbidity Observed in Delusional Disorders? Author: Alexandre González-Rodríguez, Mary V. Seeman, Alexandre Díaz-Pons, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Mentxu Natividad, Eva Calvo and José A. Monreal Subject: Background: While sex differences and gonadal hormone levels are taken seriously in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, their influence in the psychopathology of delusional disorders (DD) remains unknown. Methods: Our strategy was to conduct a narrative review of the effects of (a) sex/gender difference and (b) menopause on delusional content, affective and anxiety-related comorbidity, substance use disorders, cognition, aggressivity, and suicide risk in DD. Results: Because the literature is scarce, our results are tentative. We found that erotomania was more prevalent in women than in men, and especially in women with premenopausal onset. In contrast, jealous and somatic delusions were more commonly seen in DD women with postmenopausal onset. With respect to depressive comorbidity, women with premenopausal onset appear more vulnerable to depression than those with later onset. Age at menopause is reported to correlate positively with intensity of suicidal ideation. Anxiety symptoms may be related to estrogen levels. Men present with higher rates of substance use disorders, particularly alcohol use. Conclusions: Many male/female differences in DD may be attributable to sociocultural factors but menopause, and, therefore, levels of female hormones, influence symptom expression in women and mediate the expression of psychiatric comorbidities. Further research in this area promises to lead to improved individualized treatment. 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