1a4511111acec397a030d86ae8a7cc16 pmc_9517531.pdf d1fcb542184394cf899b0f78b56fa7a031391e79 pmc_9517531.pdf 73abf6145f3daab35febeb637fc40ec55c2d3adbe206a0d256e7a3d3544e12e4 pmc_9517531.pdf Title: Improving Reading Skills Using a Computerized Phonological Training Program in Early Readers with Reading Difficulties Subject: In the last years, there has been a big effort to identify risk factors for reading difficulties and to develop new methodologies to help struggling readers. It has been shown that early intervention is more successful than late intervention, and that intensive training programs can benefit children with reading difficulties. The aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive computerized phonological training program designed to improve reading performance in a sample of children with reading difficulties at the early stages of their reading learning process. Thirty-two children with reading difficulties were randomly assigned to one of the two intervention groups: RDIR (children with reading difficulties following a computerized intensive remediation strategy) (n = 20) (7.01 0.69 years), focused on training phonemic awareness, decoding and reading fluency through the computational training; and RDOR (children with reading difficulties following an ordinary remediation strategy) (n = 12) (6.92 0.82 years), which consisted of a reinforcement of reading with a traditional training approach at school. Normal readers (NR) were assigned to the control group (n = 24) (7.32 0.66 years). Our results indicate that both the RDIR and RDOR groups showed an increased reading performance after the intervention. However, children in the RDIR group showed a stronger benefit than the children in the RDOR group, whose improvement was weaker. The control group did not show significant changes in reading performance during the same period. In conclusion, results suggest that intensive early intervention based on phonics training is an effective strategy to remediate reading difficulties, and that it can be used at school as the first approach to tackle such difficulties. Keywords: reading difficulties; remediation; dyslexia; computerized intervention; phonological training; early readers Author: Susanna Forné, Anna López-Sala, Roger Mateu-Estivill, Ana Adan, Xavier Caldú, Xavier Rifà-Ros and Josep M. Serra-Grabulosa Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Sep 15 02:29:04 2022 CEST ModDate: Thu Sep 15 09:00:06 2022 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 407688 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- FKNEOZ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 UILLBG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 PABDAH+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 QQFFNE+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 KOSUXD+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 AVSTBR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 LWQXII+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 53 0 QDWELJ+TeX-tipa10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 81 0 XLLNJL+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 85 0 XQSONM+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 95 0 QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 102 0 KRSDCP+PazoMath-BoldItalic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 106 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-06-20 02:31:36 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_9517531.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-10-06 02:15:27 CEST Size: 407688 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 295 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Participants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Catalan Language Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Assessment Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Measures Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Intervention Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Children: Item: Title: Digital and Intensive Remediation Program Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Ordinary Remediation Program Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Statistical Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Info: Title: Improving Reading Skills Using a Computerized Phonological Training Program in Early Readers with Reading Difficulties Author: Susanna Forné, Anna López-Sala, Roger Mateu-Estivill, Ana Adan, Xavier Caldú, Xavier Rifà-Ros and Josep M. Serra-Grabulosa Subject: In the last years, there has been a big effort to identify risk factors for reading difficulties and to develop new methodologies to help struggling readers. It has been shown that early intervention is more successful than late intervention, and that intensive training programs can benefit children with reading difficulties. The aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive computerized phonological training program designed to improve reading performance in a sample of children with reading difficulties at the early stages of their reading learning process. Thirty-two children with reading difficulties were randomly assigned to one of the two intervention groups: RDIR (children with reading difficulties following a computerized intensive remediation strategy) (n = 20) (7.01 0.69 years), focused on training phonemic awareness, decoding and reading fluency through the computational training; and RDOR (children with reading difficulties following an ordinary remediation strategy) (n = 12) (6.92 0.82 years), which consisted of a reinforcement of reading with a traditional training approach at school. Normal readers (NR) were assigned to the control group (n = 24) (7.32 0.66 years). Our results indicate that both the RDIR and RDOR groups showed an increased reading performance after the intervention. However, children in the RDIR group showed a stronger benefit than the children in the RDOR group, whose improvement was weaker. The control group did not show significant changes in reading performance during the same period. In conclusion, results suggest that intensive early intervention based on phonics training is an effective strategy to remediate reading difficulties, and that it can be used at school as the first approach to tackle such difficulties. Keywords: reading difficulties; remediation; dyslexia; computerized intervention; phonological training; early readers Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Sep 15 02:29:04 CEST 2022 ModDate: Thu Sep 15 09:00:06 CEST 2022 ID: 0x15a415f274e5ce1405c60303a2a7865b, 0x15a415f274e5ce1405c60303a2a7865b Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: AVSTBR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: AVSTBR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QDWELJ+TeX-tipa10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 62 LastChar: 116 FontDescriptor: FontName: QDWELJ+TeX-tipa10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -296, 812, 771 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: PABDAH+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: PABDAH+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: XLLNJL+VnURWPalladioL-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: XLLNJL+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 110 LastChar: 112 FontDescriptor: FontName: QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QQFFNE+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: QQFFNE+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: FKNEOZ+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 254 FontDescriptor: FontName: FKNEOZ+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KRSDCP+PazoMath-BoldItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 104 LastChar: 104 FontDescriptor: FontName: KRSDCP+PazoMath-BoldItalic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -64, -272, 868, 740 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: KOSUXD+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 21 FontDescriptor: FontName: KOSUXD+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: UILLBG+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: UILLBG+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: XQSONM+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 17 LastChar: 17 FontDescriptor: FontName: XQSONM+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 335, 152, 344 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 323, 86, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 180, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 660, 119, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 660, 218, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 660, 334, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 660, 407, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 660, 494, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 648, 130, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 648, 299, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 131, 527, 140 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 106, 320, 115 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 106, 463, 115 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 68, 499, 77 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 17, 354, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 444, 87, 463 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 723, 508, 732 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 698, 227, 707 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 685, 260, 694 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 685, 270, 694 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 635, 432, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 623, 556, 631 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 597, 219, 606 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 572, 450, 581 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 535, 448, 544 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 509, 240, 519 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 538, 497, 545, 506 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 484, 216, 493 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 459, 251, 468 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 396, 256, 406 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 397, 532, 406 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 533, 396, 545, 406 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 384, 384, 393 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 384, 397, 393 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 359, 322, 368 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 392, 321, 404, 330 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 283, 469, 293 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 271, 481, 280 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 484, 271, 496, 280 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 246, 412, 255 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 246, 427, 255 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 208, 430, 217 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 158, 556, 167 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 120, 437, 129 ActionDest: 119 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 610, 368, 619 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 547, 328, 556 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 312, 509, 319, 519 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 509, 331, 519 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 509, 344, 519 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 509, 359, 519 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 497, 368, 506 ActionDest: 119 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 431, 409, 440 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 185, 380, 197, 389 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 355, 535, 364 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 255, 345, 264 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 230, 297, 239 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 192, 220, 201 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 192, 315, 201 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 129, 214, 138 ActionDest: 123 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 708, 456, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 685, 443, 694 ActionDest: 123 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 383, 306, 392 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 552, 280, 559, 292 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 192, 396, 204 ActionDest: 110 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 223, 533, 235 ActionDest: 110 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 125, 243, 134 ActionDest: 119 Page: Sequence: 8 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 673, 357, 682 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 673, 369, 682 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 673, 497, 682 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 673, 509, 682 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 673, 522, 682 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 635, 222, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 610, 217, 619 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 572, 423, 581 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 547, 289, 556 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 547, 302, 556 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 484, 531, 493 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 422, 263, 431 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 409, 344, 418 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 309, 300, 318 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 296, 330, 305 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 221, 309, 230 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 221, 403, 230 ActionDest: 119 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 723, 488, 732 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 685, 262, 694 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 635, 226, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 635, 239, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 635, 251, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 635, 264, 644 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 635, 276, 644 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 635, 289, 644 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 610, 492, 619 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 572, 534, 581 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 120, 368, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 120, 410, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 135, 98, 173, 108 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 722, 557, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 711, 95, 721 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 699, 481, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 699, 524, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 687, 515, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 687, 557, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 665, 124, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 629, 280, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 584, 168, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 561, 124, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 537, 516, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 537, 557, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 515, 282, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 515, 324, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 491, 482, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 491, 524, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 468, 425, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 468, 467, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 446, 268, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 423, 233, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 342, 342, 353 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 319, 434, 330 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 133, 285, 171, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 261, 557, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 251, 95, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 227, 379, 238 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 204, 371, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 181, 353, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 181, 396, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 147, 96, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 147, 138, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 123, 485, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 445, 100, 482, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 78, 133, 88 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 722, 415, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 373, 699, 410, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 699, 452, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 573, 96, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 537, 417, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 514, 391, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 491, 533, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 468, 398, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 445, 433, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 147, 412, 184, 422 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 388, 301, 399 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 365, 308, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 331, 124, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 130, 331, 166, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 308, 168, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 308, 211, 318 Checksum: e26b68c9 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 1a4511111acec397a030d86ae8a7cc16 Type: MD5 Checksum: d1fcb542184394cf899b0f78b56fa7a031391e79 Type: SHA-1