25dd5acc3a9c9a91b9f6006d854522e6 pmc_9655010.pdf fd2dbc9a8904ea20a3ba3a04dec7baa75b4f35dc pmc_9655010.pdf 9b1328e180b21f624fccc4d140471ee4f7bf57527b1d3eb4c13a3ef678ac12a4 pmc_9655010.pdf Title: Elbow Extensor Muscles in Humans and Chimpanzees: Adaptations to Different Uses of the Upper Extremity in Hominoid Primates Subject: The anatomical and functional characteristics of the elbow extensor muscles (triceps brachii and anconeus) have not been widely studied in non-human hominoid primates, despite their great functional importance. In the present study, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in the elbow extensors in humans and chimpanzees. Our main objective was to identify differences in these muscles that could be related to the different uses of the upper extremity in the two species. In five humans and five chimpanzees, we have analyzed muscle mass (MM), muscle fascicle length (MFL), and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). In addition, we have assessed the expression of the MHC isoforms by RT-PCR. We have found high MM and PCSA values and higher expression of the MHC-IIx isoform in the triceps brachii of chimpanzees, while in humans, the triceps brachii has high MFL values and a higher expression of the MHC-I and MHC-IIa isoforms. In contrast, there were no significant differences between humans and chimpanzees in any of the values for the anconeus. These findings could be related to the participation of the triceps brachii in the locomotion of chimpanzees and to the use of the upper extremity in manipulative functions in humans. The results obtained in the anconeus support its primary function as a stabilizer of the elbow joint in the two species. Keywords: triceps brachii; anconeus; chimpanzee; elbow joint Author: Marina de Diego, Aroa Casado, Mónica Gómez, Neus Ciurana, Patrícia Rodríguez, Yasmina Avià, Elisabeth Cuesta-Torralvo, Natividad García, Isabel San José, Mercedes Barbosa, Félix de Paz, Juan Francisco Pastor and Josep Maria Potau Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sun Oct 30 09:43:57 2022 CET ModDate: Sun Oct 30 10:11:53 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1721213 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PEUAMN+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 GMWMVN+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 GJEGSU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 ZSBPMM+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 42 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 69 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 73 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 77 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 81 0 YFFKLH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 95 0 SHEBIB+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 99 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 107 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 115 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 119 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 123 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 127 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 152 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 156 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 160 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 164 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 176 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 180 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 184 0 IUPJFO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 202 0 LEKXJJ+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 209 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-11-30 02:46:09 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_9655010.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-11-24 02:13:26 CET Size: 1721213 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 461 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4923ab24 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Children: Item: Title: Muscle and Osteological Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Muscle Architecture Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Expression of MHC Isoforms Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Muscle Insertion Sites Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Children: Item: Title: Muscle Architecture Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Expression of MHC Isoforms Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Muscle Insertion Sites Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Info: Title: Elbow Extensor Muscles in Humans and Chimpanzees: Adaptations to Different Uses of the Upper Extremity in Hominoid Primates Author: Marina de Diego, Aroa Casado, Mónica Gómez, Neus Ciurana, Patrícia Rodríguez, Yasmina Avià, Elisabeth Cuesta-Torralvo, Natividad García, Isabel San José, Mercedes Barbosa, Félix de Paz, Juan Francisco Pastor and Josep Maria Potau Subject: The anatomical and functional characteristics of the elbow extensor muscles (triceps brachii and anconeus) have not been widely studied in non-human hominoid primates, despite their great functional importance. In the present study, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in the elbow extensors in humans and chimpanzees. Our main objective was to identify differences in these muscles that could be related to the different uses of the upper extremity in the two species. In five humans and five chimpanzees, we have analyzed muscle mass (MM), muscle fascicle length (MFL), and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). In addition, we have assessed the expression of the MHC isoforms by RT-PCR. We have found high MM and PCSA values and higher expression of the MHC-IIx isoform in the triceps brachii of chimpanzees, while in humans, the triceps brachii has high MFL values and a higher expression of the MHC-I and MHC-IIa isoforms. In contrast, there were no significant differences between humans and chimpanzees in any of the values for the anconeus. These findings could be related to the participation of the triceps brachii in the locomotion of chimpanzees and to the use of the upper extremity in manipulative functions in humans. The results obtained in the anconeus support its primary function as a stabilizer of the elbow joint in the two species. 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