874fe8ad167d306cb1bc44a816eaaf9c pmc_9740272.pdf e22659bf67638407306f1d5da3aed8e1ac273001 pmc_9740272.pdf 14805545a6be996259742e41c78a453ff3d2ea7349feed2820fca1637c5ca137 pmc_9740272.pdf Title: Erythrocyte Membrane Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Lipid Profile in Preterm Infants at Birth and Over the First Month of Life: A Comparative Study with Infants at Term Subject: An observational comparative study was designed to assess the fatty acids profile in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of 30 preterm neonates (<32 weeks gestation) at birth and after 1 month of life versus a convenience sample of 10 infants born at term. The panel of fatty acids included the families and components of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as well as enzyme activity indexes and fatty acids ratios. At birth, the comparison of fatty acid families between preterm and term neonates showed a significantly higher content of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs, and a significantly lower content of MUFAs and n-3 PUFAs in the preterm group. After 30 days of life, significantly higher levels of n-6 PUFAs and significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs among preterm neonates persisted. At 30 days of birth, n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA and arachidonic acid (ARA) ARA/DHA remained significantly elevated, and DHA sufficiency index significantly decreased in the preterm group. The pattern of n-3 PUFA deficiency at birth and sustained for the first month of life would support the need of milk banking fortified with DHA and the use of DHA supplementation in breastfeeding mothers. Keywords: docosahexaenoic acid; arachidonic acid; linoleic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; lipid profile; preterm infants; erythrocyte membrane Author: Félix Castillo Salinas, Alicia Montaner Ramón, Félix-Joel Castillo Ferrer, Adrià Domingo-Carnice, Begoña Cordobilla and Joan Carles Domingo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Nov 24 10:37:14 2022 CET ModDate: Thu Nov 24 10:46:13 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1636678 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- OPZDHV+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 KIIEES+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 NNGVXV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 RSKNIK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 KPYJZO+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 PURWBA+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 HGMNRX+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 VORBJF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 75 0 UGLOHL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 CIDFont+F3 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 88 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 96 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 104 0 CIDFont+F4 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 112 0 CIDFont+F5 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 120 0 QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 131 0 CIDFont+F3 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 143 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 151 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 159 0 CIDFont+F5 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 167 0 CIDFont+F3 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 178 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 186 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 194 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2023-12-12 02:34:12 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_9740272.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-08-03 02:25:04 CEST Size: 1636678 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 379 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Participants and Samples Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Analysis of Fatty Acids Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Panel of Fatty Acids Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Characteristics of the Study Population Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocyte Membrane Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Fatty Acid Rations and Enzyme Activity Indexes Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Erythrocyte Membrane Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Lipid Profile in Preterm Infants at Birth and Over the First Month of Life: A Comparative Study with Infants at Term Author: Félix Castillo Salinas, Alicia Montaner Ramón, Félix-Joel Castillo Ferrer, Adrià Domingo-Carnice, Begoña Cordobilla and Joan Carles Domingo Subject: An observational comparative study was designed to assess the fatty acids profile in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of 30 preterm neonates (<32 weeks gestation) at birth and after 1 month of life versus a convenience sample of 10 infants born at term. The panel of fatty acids included the families and components of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as well as enzyme activity indexes and fatty acids ratios. At birth, the comparison of fatty acid families between preterm and term neonates showed a significantly higher content of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs, and a significantly lower content of MUFAs and n-3 PUFAs in the preterm group. After 30 days of life, significantly higher levels of n-6 PUFAs and significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs among preterm neonates persisted. At 30 days of birth, n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA and arachidonic acid (ARA) ARA/DHA remained significantly elevated, and DHA sufficiency index significantly decreased in the preterm group. The pattern of n-3 PUFA deficiency at birth and sustained for the first month of life would support the need of milk banking fortified with DHA and the use of DHA supplementation in breastfeeding mothers. Keywords: docosahexaenoic acid; arachidonic acid; linoleic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; lipid profile; preterm infants; erythrocyte membrane Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Nov 24 10:37:14 CET 2022 ModDate: Thu Nov 24 10:46:13 CET 2022 ID: 0x03c4cb4c4e252a2bd6cdcd7156b5d0e9, 0x03c4cb4c4e252a2bd6cdcd7156b5d0e9 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: PURWBA+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: PURWBA+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: UGLOHL+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 83 LastChar: 83 FontDescriptor: FontName: UGLOHL+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 110 LastChar: 112 FontDescriptor: FontName: QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: NNGVXV+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: NNGVXV+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: RSKNIK+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: RSKNIK+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: OPZDHV+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: OPZDHV+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: VORBJF+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 14 FontDescriptor: FontName: VORBJF+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: KPYJZO+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 33 FontDescriptor: FontName: KPYJZO+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: KIIEES+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: KIIEES+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 54, 323, 152, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 313, 72, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 757, 169, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 757, 560, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 642, 269, 656 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 630, 271, 643 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 206, 220, 215 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 206, 228, 215 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 168, 422, 177 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 168, 430, 177 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 155, 523, 164 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 155, 533, 164 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 130, 440, 139 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 130, 455, 139 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 93, 286, 102 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 92, 301, 102 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 120, 17, 254, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 456, 87, 475 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 736, 376, 744 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 698, 502, 707 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 698, 515, 707 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 418, 660, 430, 669 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 660, 445, 669 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 622, 541, 631 ActionDest: 212 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 623, 556, 631 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 572, 312, 581 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 572, 327, 581 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 497, 493, 506 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 447, 299, 456 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 422, 486, 431 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 409, 356, 418 ActionDest: 216 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 188, 343, 200, 352 ActionDest: 216 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 355, 257, 367 ActionDest: 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 128, 285, 140 ActionDest: 128 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 143, 197, 155 ActionDest: 135 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 237, 285, 249 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 199, 467, 211 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 533, 111, 540, 123 ActionDest: 203 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 326, 471, 338 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 228, 310, 237 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 228, 323, 237 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 228, 335, 237 ActionDest: 216 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 560, 517, 569 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 560, 530, 569 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 535, 542, 544 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 497, 492, 506 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 497, 504, 506 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 372, 208, 380 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 258, 359, 267 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 258, 371, 267 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 208, 384, 217 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 145, 394, 154 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 95, 337, 104 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 70, 326, 79 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 70, 338, 79 ActionDest: 216 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 723, 432, 732 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 434, 710, 446, 719 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 710, 458, 719 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 698, 210, 707 ActionDest: 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 397, 278, 406 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 372, 348, 380 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 283, 290, 293 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 283, 303, 293 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 246, 481, 255 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 246, 494, 255 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 208, 233, 217 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 208, 245, 217 ActionDest: 219 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 496, 504, 507 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 473, 303, 484 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 473, 345, 484 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 451, 318, 461 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 173, 428, 211, 438 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 428, 253, 438 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 393, 233, 404 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 393, 275, 404 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 359, 151, 369 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 359, 193, 369 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 335, 335, 346 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 176, 313, 213, 323 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 159, 290, 197, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 134, 266, 172, 277 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 244, 96, 254 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 244, 138, 254 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 328, 221, 366, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 221, 408, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 197, 525, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 175, 96, 185 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 175, 138, 185 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 163, 437, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 173, 140, 210, 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 117, 519, 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 83, 96, 93 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 83, 138, 93 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 70, 557, 81 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 711, 119, 721 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 676, 242, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 676, 284, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 642, 96, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 642, 138, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 619, 240, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 619, 283, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 596, 300, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 572, 441, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 141, 550, 178, 560 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 527, 96, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 503, 553, 514 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 480, 542, 491 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 445, 437, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 423, 124, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 130, 423, 166, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 411, 541, 422 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 376, 473, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 376, 515, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 331, 342, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 182, 307, 219, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 274, 123, 284 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 238, 263, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 204, 420, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 181, 247, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 147, 168, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 113, 245, 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 113, 287, 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 89, 504, 100 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 77, 557, 88 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 722, 444, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 722, 487, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 376, 699, 413, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 699, 456, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 676, 245, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 676, 288, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 641, 475, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 641, 518, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 618, 431, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 584, 364, 594 Checksum: dd874969 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 874fe8ad167d306cb1bc44a816eaaf9c Type: MD5 Checksum: e22659bf67638407306f1d5da3aed8e1ac273001 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 14805545a6be996259742e41c78a453ff3d2ea7349feed2820fca1637c5ca137 Type: SHA-256