334aa1bdfa8cad0a0ba3c3086a34c008 pmc_9856056.pdf 70f34aee86985281a375e8e068f4dfded9163d07 pmc_9856056.pdf 5e65f686d6988e4128f64db97a102ccb314d2bbcc70625f893853e01bc13cdcc pmc_9856056.pdf Title: Decline of Sperm Quality over the Last Two Decades in the South of Europe: A Retrospective Study in Infertile Patients Subject: Semen quality has a direct relation to male fertility. Whether sperm variables in humans have decreased over the last years is still uncertain, with some studies showing a decline and others reporting no changes. In this regard, previous research has suggested that lifestyle and environmental conditions may contribute to this variability, calling for regional studies. The present work is a retrospective, unicentric study that includes semen samples analyzed between 1997 and 2017 at the Parc Taulí Hospital (Barcelona metropolitan area). First, a multivariate analysis including the age as a confounding factor showed a statistically significant decrease in semen volume, pH, progressive motility, morphology and total motile sperm over time. Contrarily, no significant variation in sperm count or concentration was observed. Mean reductions per year were -0.02 mL for volume, -0.57% for progressively motile sperm and -0.72% for sperm with normal morphology. Interestingly, the average annual temperature registered by the Spanish Meteorology Agency negatively correlated to sperm morphology and sperm count (Rs = -0.642; p = 0.002 and Rs = -0.435; p = 0.049, respectively). In conclusion, the present study based on infertile patients from the Barcelona area found a decline in sperm motility and morphology, without effects on sperm count. Changes in temperature appeared to be associated to this decline, but further studies are needed to address the mechanisms linked to the observed variations. Keywords: male infertility; morphology; progressive motility; semen quality; southern Europe; sperm Author: Emma Garcia-Grau, Judith Lleberia, Laura Costa, Miriam Guitart, Marc Yeste, Jordi Benet, María José Amengual and Jordi Ribas-Maynou Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Dec 30 13:17:58 2022 CET ModDate: Fri Dec 30 13:23:19 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1242618 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DUFXDP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZKIWDY+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 OYNZZK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 FAVVYL+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 YSPQJI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 GLCFZC+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 CAMXTK+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 75 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 89 0 KGSZMU+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 119 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-05-23 02:35:10 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_9856056.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-02-09 02:18:43 CET Size: 1242618 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 354 FreeObjects: 3 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Participants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Ethics Approval Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Semen Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Sperm Collection and Guidelines Followed Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Assessment of Macroscopic Parameters Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Assessment of Sperm Concentration and Motility Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Assessment of Sperm Morphology Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Recording the Average Temperature of Spain over the Period of Study Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Children: Item: Title: Semen Quality Parameters Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Variation of Each Parameter over Time Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Multivariate Analysis with the Age as a Confounding Factor Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Relationship of Average Temperature with Sperm Count and Motility Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Info: Title: Decline of Sperm Quality over the Last Two Decades in the South of Europe: A Retrospective Study in Infertile Patients Author: Emma Garcia-Grau, Judith Lleberia, Laura Costa, Miriam Guitart, Marc Yeste, Jordi Benet, María José Amengual and Jordi Ribas-Maynou Subject: Semen quality has a direct relation to male fertility. Whether sperm variables in humans have decreased over the last years is still uncertain, with some studies showing a decline and others reporting no changes. In this regard, previous research has suggested that lifestyle and environmental conditions may contribute to this variability, calling for regional studies. The present work is a retrospective, unicentric study that includes semen samples analyzed between 1997 and 2017 at the Parc Taulí Hospital (Barcelona metropolitan area). First, a multivariate analysis including the age as a confounding factor showed a statistically significant decrease in semen volume, pH, progressive motility, morphology and total motile sperm over time. Contrarily, no significant variation in sperm count or concentration was observed. Mean reductions per year were -0.02 mL for volume, -0.57% for progressively motile sperm and -0.72% for sperm with normal morphology. Interestingly, the average annual temperature registered by the Spanish Meteorology Agency negatively correlated to sperm morphology and sperm count (Rs = -0.642; p = 0.002 and Rs = -0.435; p = 0.049, respectively). In conclusion, the present study based on infertile patients from the Barcelona area found a decline in sperm motility and morphology, without effects on sperm count. Changes in temperature appeared to be associated to this decline, but further studies are needed to address the mechanisms linked to the observed variations. 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