Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00847-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Outstanding Geoscientific Sites in Periurban Areas: the Case of Roses Lighthouse Geosite (Cap de Creus, eastern Pyrenees) Elena Druguet1 · Jordi Carreras2 · Marina Cervera3 · Josep Mercadé4 · Jèssica Espasa5 Received: 23 November 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published online: 26 May 2023 © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract The coastal cliffs around the Roses Lighthouse (Cap de Creus, Mediterranean Costa Brava) display deformation structures generated during the emplacement of a syntectonic granodiorite and associated rocks (quartzdiorite enclaves and leucocratic dykes). These rocks were subjected to shearing and spectacular shear zones are present, which have been object of several scientific publications. The outcrops are considered of international high scientific value, being regularly visited by research- ers and students from several European universities. In 2005, the site was included in the Geosite Inventory of Catalonia, but it does not have any special protection yet, despite decades of efforts to claim the need for protection and conservation in front of the constant deterioration and loss of outcrops due to strong urban and touristic pressure. A project of restoration, access improvement, and dissemination of geological values was finally executed between 2020 and 2021. The Roses case study leads us to the remark that urban and periurban geosites offer a good opportunity for promoting geological research, education, and tourism, provided its protection based on geoconservation criteria and a strong sustainable conservation management plan. Keywords Geoconservation · Geotourism · Granitoid · Landscape architecture · Restoration · Shear zone Introduction * Elena Druguet Geological heritage is many times located in areas of non- elena.druguet@uab.cat remarkable aesthetical interest or landscape value such as Jordi Carreras road cuts, quarries, urbanized zones, and other types of jordicarreras@me.com anthropized spots. Urban and periurban geoscientific sites Marina Cervera fall into this category of geoheritage which is often severely marina.cervera@upc.edu threatened and whose conservation management plans can Josep Mercadé result very complicated to implement. This is due to the sum josep.mercade@upc.edu of two main factors: Jèssica Espasa jessica.espasa@imuntanya.com (1) The high anthropogenic pressure of these spaces in 1 Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de terms of urbanization and human impact (Rodrigues Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain et al. 2011; Kong et al. 2020), especially if they repre- 2 Sa Tórtora 8, Cadaqués, 17488 Girona, Spain sent sites of passage or touristic spots, 3 Departament d’Urbanisme I Ordenació del Territori, (2) The still prevailing conservation policies which mis- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud leadingly assume that geological elements can only be Avgda. Diagonal 649, 08028 Barcelona, Spain associated to natural sites, thus excluding non-pristine 4 Departament d’Enginyeria Civil I Ambiental, Universitat localities from protection (Theodossiou-Drandaki Politècnica de Catalunya, C. Jordi Girona, 1‑3, 1998; Carreras and Druguet 2000). 08034 Barcelona, Spain 5 iMuntanya, Suspended Footbridges Experts, Polígon However, in a similar way, as it happens with cultural- Industrial Els Plans, Carretera Castellnou N‑II, Castellnou de historical heritage, elements of geoscientific interest are Seana, 25265 Lleida, Spain 13 Vol.:(0123456789) 74 Page 2 of 9 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 independent of the characteristics of the exposure site, and good opportunity to make visible and disseminate geological contrarily to some currently established rules, they deserve heritage to society. This can be done through environmental protection whatever their environmental conditions are (Car- education and geotourism, provided that such tourist use reras and Druguet 2000; Brilha 2016). Furthermore, geosci- is sustainable and in balance with geoconservation needs entific heritage may be equally relevant to human culture as, (Newsome and Dowling 2018; Kubalíková et al. 2021). for instance, building and ornamental stones heritage (De In this paper, we present a case study of an outstanding Wever et al. 2017; Pijet-Migon and Migon 2022). geoscientific site at Roses (Cap de Creus peninsula, Eastern Urban geology and geoheritage have long been docu- Pyrenees) which has been recently restored after decades of mented (e.g., Bennett et al. 1996). In the last decade, we gradual degradation due to urban pressure. have seen a substantial increasing interest in promoting and disseminating geological values in urban and periurban areas, as reflected in a large number of publications by the The Geological Heritage of Roses Lighthouse geoconservation research community (e.g., Rodrigues et al. 2011; Del Monte et al. 2013; Reynard et al. 2017; Palacio- The outcrops are located in the southwestern coast of the Cap Prieto 2015; Petrović 2017; Habibi et al. 2018; Leguizamón de Creus massif (northern Costa Brava and easternmost end et al. 2018; Capdevila-Werning 2020; Vegas and Díez-Her- of the Pyrenean Range) along a narrow rocky coastal fringe rero 2021). Most of these works agree in the diagnosis that in the periurban area of Roses (Fig. 1). The site, whose only protection of these spaces requires changing some prevailing instrument of protection is that of being integrated into the strategies, eradicating the restrictive criteria of wilderness, maritime-terrestrial public zone (abbreviated, ZMT), has for and further exploring the relationships between geoherit- long been submitted to strong touristic pressure. age and cultural heritage (Pijet-Migon and Migon 2022; The rock exposures on the coastal cliffs around the Roses Wolniewicz 2022). Once these areas have been recognized Lighthouse display deformation structures generated during and protected as assets of scientific interest, the fact that the syntectonic emplacement and progressive cooling of the they are in publicly accessible zones can be considered as a Roses pluton (Fig. 1a) at the end of the Variscan orogeny. Fig. 1  a Geological setting of the Roses area at the scale of the Pyrenean chain (modified after Druguet et al. 2014). b Geo- graphical setting of the Roses Lighthouse geosite (Google Earth 3D view) 13 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 Page 3 of 9 74 Plutonic rocks are represented by granodiorite (dated Carreras et al. 2004; Montomoli et al. 2008; Carreras at 291 ± 3 Ma, Druguet et al. 2014) and associated rocks and Druguet 2013; Fig. 4). (quartzdiorite enclaves, and leucocratic dykes). Detailed (4) At the end of the same progressive deformation event, analysis of the structures allows to establish a continuous strike-slip faults and a network of joints developed at deformation history for the Roses pluton, which can be sum- clearly brittle conditions (Fig. 5). marized in four main stages (Fig. 2; Carreras et al. 2004; Carreras and Druguet 2013): After uplift and denudation of the Cap de Creus massif, (1) At the first stages of emplacement, when the granodi- the geological evolution concludes in the Quaternary with orite was still partially molten, a rather homogeneous weathering and erosion of the crystalline rocks. Planar exfo- magmatic foliation developed because of coeval defor- liation, spheroidal desquamation, and tafone are the most mation and magmatic flow. Such foliation is defined by prominent landforms that shape this coastal geosite (Fig. 6). the preferred orientation of feldspar and biotite crystals. The described structures highlight the excellence of these At this stage, quartzdiorite enclaves became elongated outcrops in the fields of tectonics and petrology, particularly sub-parallel to the foliation (Fig. 3a). the exceptional character of the ductile and brittle-ductile (2) Ongoing deformation at high-temperature solid state shear zones, according to their representativeness, unique- allowed the emplacement and solidification of residual ness, and scientific value. magmas along fractures in the form of dykes and veins This area, together with those on the northern coast of of aplite and pegmatite (Fig. 3b). the Cap de Creus peninsula (under legal protection since (3) At lower temperature conditions (when the pluton was 1998), includes the first shear zones and associated mylo- completely solidified), deformation progressively local- nitic rocks that were recognized in Catalonia in the early ized, giving rise to a network of predominantly sinis- 1970s. In 1979, an International Conference on Shear Zones tral and minor dextral ductile shear zones. Spectacular in Rocks took place in Barcelona and Cap de Creus, attended exposures of cm- to decametric-sized shear zones and by specialists from all over the world. In the early 1980s, associated mylonitic rocks are present (Carreras and visitors (geology students and researchers) and publications Losantos 1982; Simpson et al. 1982; Simpson 1983; (Carreras and Losantos 1982; Simpson et al. 1982) made Fig. 2  Sketches of the evolution of the Roses pluton (see text for explanations) Fig. 3  a Quartzdiorite enclaves in mid- to coarse-grained grano- diorite. The magmatic fabric is defined by the preferred orienta- tion of grains in the granodiorite and elongation of the enclaves. b Aplite vein cross-cutting the granodiorite and the mafic enclaves 13 74 Page 4 of 9 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 Fig. 4  a Ductile shear zone affecting the Roses granodiorite and a leucocratic dyke (point of geological interest #3 of the geological itinerary). b View of points of geological interest #7 and #8 of the geological itinerary, located right below the lighthouse. The effects of a large shear zone on the granodi- orite can be observed, especially on a deformed light-colored vein, which is folded and stretched. c Detail of extremely elongated mafic enclaves within the mylonitic band shown in b. See location of points of geological interest in Fig. 9 Ramsay and Lisle 2000; Platt and Passchier 2016). The visit to this locality is included in field trips linked to geologi- cal congresses (e.g., 2011 Geological Society of America Penrose Conference “Deformation Localization in Rocks”), workshops (e.g., 2006 First TecTask-IUGS Field Workshop on Structural Analysis), and in excursions of graduate and undergraduate Earth Sciences students from various Spanish and European universities. The Roses geosite is currently worldwide considered as a top classic locality in the fields of structural geology and tectonics. These high scientific and educational values of Roses geosite are complemented by the on-site presence of remark- able geomorphological features (Fig. 6) and by proximity to the geo-, bio-, and cultural heritage of the Cap de Creus Natural Park. Furthermore, the locality is adjacent to some historical-cultural elements such as the Roses Lighthouse and the Trinity Castle (Castell de la Trinitat, Fig. 1). Given its closeness to Roses city, the suitability of the Roses geo- site as a research, educational, and touristic resource is further enhanced by its good accessibility conditions and cultural-touristic attractions. Due to its Mediterranean cli- mate, it also benefits from good seasonal/weather conditions prevailing during most of the year. Threats and Impasses on Protection Fig. 5  Conjugate brittle faults cross-cutting the mylonitic granodiorite of the Geosite By the time the structures displayed in Roses were first described (early 1970s), outcrops were clean and did not these outcrops famous among the structural geology inter- present invasive vegetation or debris. national community. There are several publications that take Despite the worldwide recognition acquired by the geo- examples from this locality (e.g., the seminal textbook of site and the evidences of progressive deterioration due to 13 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 Page 5 of 9 74 Fig. 6  Examples of weather- ing forms: onion skin-type spheroidal disjunctions with evidence of joint-control (a) and honeycomb-type tafoni (b) increasing urban pressure, legislation and conservation poli- hiding of some relevant exposures due to the accumulation cies based on the protection of “natural elements” lead to of gravel and the growth of invasive plants (e.g., Carpobro- the exclusion of the Roses Lighthouse site from the Cap de tus edulis, see Fig. 7). In addition, the access was highly Creus Natural Park designated in 1998 as a protected area difficult due to the presence of agaves and pear cactus. (Carreras and Druguet 1997; 2000). In 2005, the Roses Lighthouse site was included in the Thus, the only real instrument of protection is that of Geosite Inventory of Catalonia (Geotope 163 of Carreras being integrated into the maritime-terrestrial public zone and Druguet 2005, Fig. 1b), being catalogued as a very rel- (the narrow strip of land that can be affected by the sea evant site in the fields of structural geology and igneous waves during strong storms, abbreviated ZMT), which is petrology and for the interpretation of endogenous geody- subjected to restrictions on private use and building. namic processes. A high degree of degradation and vulnera- Researchers who had visited the area became concerned bility of the site was also reported in the inventory. However, of the dangers and agreed that recovering these outcrops was this action did not involve any figure of legal protection. an obligation. Here are some comments from geoscientists regarding the geological relevance of the Roses outcrops and the need for their protection: Restoration and Dissemination Project • The elegant outcrops at Roses show more features Thereafter, several projects for outcrops recovering were idealised in “textbook” shear zones than any others I presented to the municipality of Roses. Finally, a restora- have seen in Scotland, the Alps or elsewhere (Dr. John tion project was approved in 2019, and the works finished Wheeler, Liverpool University). • I have no doubt that the loss of this area would be a great disaster for science. This area should be preserved and protected for international science (Dr. Donald Hutton, University of Birmingham). • The magnificent shear zones observable on the coast of Roses are at risk of becoming inaccessible to observation in the very short term; some have already disappeared due to excessive urbanization (Prof. Gerard Bossière, Université de Nantes). • The exceptional exposures display the best exposed and most accessible examples of ductile shear zones that I have encountered in my nearly 30 years of field research and excursions. For geologists, nothing can replace actu- ally visiting classic localities and observing the rocks and structures first-hand (Prof. Darrel S. Cowan, Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle). Fig. 7  One of the nicer outcrops of ductile shear zones and mylo- However, urbanization of the area proceeded, and a nitic rocks became almost completely covered by invasive vegetation, coastal pathway was built in the early 2000s, causing partial debris, and garbage (photograph of year 2005) 13 74 Page 6 of 9 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 in May 2021, after 1 year of delay due to the COVID-19 as portals). Points 1–6 can be accessed from portal 1 pandemic. The area where the action was taken is smaller and points 7–10 from portals 2 or 3. All the informa- than that of the Geotope 163 of the 2005 Geosite Inventory tion is available online through the Rosespèdia web- of Catalonia (Fig. 1b), due to financial limitations and to the page (http://​roses​pedia.​cat/​index.​php?​title=​Espai_d%​ fact that part of the Geotope 163 is already within the Trinity 27int​erès_​Geològic_​Far_​de_​Roses), which is part of Castle heritage domain. However, it includes the outcrops the Roses cultural heritage signaling project carried out of greater scientific importance. The restored area has been by the Roses City Council. A more specialized, larger named “Site of Geological Interest Roses Lighthouse” or itinerary (from Roses Lighthouse to Platja de Canyelles “Roses Lighthouse Geosite”. The project, which was led Petites, Fig. 1b) had already been published by Carreras by the architects, engineers and geologists coauthors of this and Druguet (2013). article, aimed three main objectives: 1. Recover outcrop exposures by removal of plants, blocks, and gravel which had gradually hidden some of the out- standing structures. Reassessing Geoheritage 2. Facilitate accessibility from the road and coastal path- and Geoconservation of Roses Lighthouse way and a viewpoint, for which a walkway consisting of a staircase and a platform were designed and con- In this section, a comparative assessment of the geosite structed (Figs. 8 and 9; see http://​www.​imunt​anya.​com/​ before and after restoration and dissemination works (per- en/b​ log-e​ n/t​ he-r​ oses-w ​ alkwa​ y-b​ rings-u​ s-c​ loser-t​ o-g​ eolo​ formed in the period 2020- 2021) is attempted with the pur- gical-​herit​age/). They are made of a wood-covered steel pose of highlighting whether the pursued goals have been structure built on the slope next to the outcrops whose achieved and which issues should be improved through fur- access was formerly very difficult. ther management actions. 3. Make divulgation actions to bring the geological val- Multiple methods have been proposed in the last dec- ues to the general non-specialized public. Three infor- ades for the quantitative or semiquantitative assessment of mation panels and QR codes along a newly designed geosite values and conservation (Brilha 2018). A majority geological itinerary are included (Figs. 8 and 9). The of these methods are based on a list of criteria relevant for itinerary includes 10 different points of geostructural the ultimate aims of geoheritage inventory, planning, and/ interest accessible through three entrances (here referred or management (e.g., Bruschi et al. 2011; Fassoulas et al. Fig. 8  a Panel at the starting point of the “Site of Geological Inter- during cooling. The alignment of the first crystals and the flattening est Roses Lighthouse”. It includes a brief description in Catalan of of the dark enclaves took place in the initial stage. Once the magma the geological values (translated into English below) and a QR code got solidified, cracks opened in the rocks and were filled with resid- to access to further information available at the Roses Municipal- ual magma, forming the light-colored dykes. Finally, deformation ity webpage: http://​roses​pedia.​cat/​index.​php?​title=​Espai_d%​27int​ concentrated in shear zones, causing an intense local deformation erès_​Geològic_​Far_​de_​Roses. The Roses Granodiorite: Fingerprints of the rock set. This story has been reconstructed thanks to the study of magma cooling under the effects of tectonics in the depths of the of these visible outcrops, which comprise a heritage of international Earth’s crust. The granite-type rocks, which are now forming the value. Some outcrops are vulnerable, so we must take care not to landscape around the Roses Lighthouse, crystallized in depth from damage them. b Panoramic view of part of the geosite with the newly magma 300 million years ago. The original magma became deformed built walkway (marked in Fig. 9) 13 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 Page 7 of 9 74 Fig. 9  Map of the Roses Light- house geosite with indication of the main elements of the restoration and dissemination project. P: parking lot with space for ca. 10 vehicles. Base orthophotography from OrtoX- pres 1.0 ICGC—Institut Car- togràfic i Geològic de Catalunya (2021). See location in Fig. 1 2012; Reynard et al. 2015; Brilha 2016; Suzuki and Takagi 2018). Thus, the fundamental criteria used in the different methods do not vary substantially: representativeness and uniqueness of scientific and educational values, tourism potential, and vulnerability and threats regarding geoconser- vation. It is rather the specific weight given to certain criteria that varies depending on the site typology to be considered or the specific goal (inventory, protection, management) to be achieved. Some methods represent adaptations or small modifications of more generic ones. This is the case, for instance, of the methods adapted and extended to urban geosites by Kubalíková et al. (2019) and Vegas and Díez- Herrero (2021). In the case of Roses Lighthouse periurban geosite, we have applied Suzuki and Takagi (2018) criteria Fig. 10  Semiquantitative assessment of the Roses lighthouse geosite with some modifications, resulting into a semiquantitative before and after the 2020–2021 restoration. Values are in the range 0–4 (0–2: low; 2.1–3: moderate; 3.1–4: high). Adapted from the cri- assessment of eight parameters (summarized in Fig. 10). teria and method of Suzuki and Takagi (2018) Scientific, educational, and touristic values have experi- enced a significant increase after recovering some outcrop exposures, improving access and visibility conditions and concepts of Mikhailenko et al. 2021). The first was already implementing the dissemination project. There are still a few very high before restoration given the periurban character of big boulders laying on top of some outcrops which should the geosite and closeness to roads. In contrast, inner acces- be removed. sibility, which we have joined together with safety condi- The value of on-site and website geological information tions in a combined scoring parameter, has increased from has switched from almost non-existent to conform a notable low to moderate levels thanks to the removal of plants and geotourism resource, which can still be improved if such building of a walkway with a staircase. A future action for information is supplied in several languages. enhancing accessibility could be extending the walkway to As for the accessibility criteria, we distinguish between connect portal 1 and portal 2 (Fig. 9). outer and inner accessibility. Outer accessibility refers to State of conservation or integrity has much improved from how to arrive to a given geosite (walking time from public low to moderate. However, the degradation risk remains high, transport stops or parking lot), while inner accessibility is as reflected by the low index of site protection and sustain- referred to on-site, “touch the rock” chances (following the ability. This is due to the high vulnerability of the outcrops 13 74 Page 8 of 9 Geoheritage (2023) 15:74 to natural processes and human activities, especially to the Funding Open Access Funding provided by Universitat Autonoma de combination of a likely increase in visitors’ concurrence and Barcelona. the lack of a specific official protection and regulation of the Declarations geosite. Thus, geoconservation of these delicate rock expo- sures will require further actions such a specific protection Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. law entailing geosite use regulation (including restrictions like the need for permission for scientific sampling) and a regular Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- maintenance plan to avoid endangerment and deterioration. bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes Concluding Remarks were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in The Roses Lighthouse geosite is a paradigm of a periurban the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not locality with valuable geological outcrops (recognized by the permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will international scientific community since the early 1980 dec- need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/. ade) which suffered transformation into a strongly degraded site due to natural processes and urban pressure (decades of 1990–2010). It has been recently (2021) partially restored with geoconservation criteria, after an effective cooperation between professionals and academics of geology and land- References scape architecture. The results were an important improve- Bennett MR, Doyle P, Larwood JG, Prosser CD (eds) (1996) Geol- ment in outcrop access and visibility and dissemination of ogy on your doorstep: the role of urban geology in earth heritage their scientific and educational values to the general public conservation. The Geological Society, London throughout on-site and website information. However, we Brilha J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and consider that these actions, performed with limited financial geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage 8:119–134. https://​doi.​ org/​10.​1007/​s12371-​014-​0139-3 resources, are insufficient. The following actions are needed to Brilha J (2018) Chapter 4 – Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation. In: guarantee the full conservation and sustainability of the site: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, pp 69–85 • Further recover of outcrop exposures by removal of boul- Bruschi VM, Cendrero A, Albertos JAC (2011) A statistical approach to the validation and optimisation of geoheritage assessment pro- ders and also further improvement of inner accessibility cedures. Geoheritage 3:131–149 and dissemination materials. Capdevila-Werning R (2020) Preserving destruction: philosophical • Creation of a specific figure of legal protection which issues of urban geosites. Open Philos 3:550–565 should be based on geconservation and historical-cultural Carreras J Druguet E (1997) Patrimoniogeológico en zonas antropi- zadas: ejemplos de la Costa Brava. In Pallí L, Carreras, J (Eds.): criteria, independent of the degree of anthropization and III Reunión Nacional de la Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico. not subjected to naturality or aesthetic beauty restric- Sociedad Geológica de España. Universitat de Girona, pp 19–23 tions. Scientific, educational and tourist use of the geosite Carreras J, Druguet E (2000) Geological heritage, an essential part of should also be properly regulated. the integral management of world heritage in protected sites. In D.Barettino, W. A. P.Wimbledon, & E.Gallego (Eds.), Geologi- • Design and implementation of a strong sustainable conserva- cal heritage: Its conservation and management. III International tion management plan in order to ensure a balance between Symposium ProGEO on the conservation of the geological heritage tourist/leisure developments and geoconservation needs, pre- (pp. 95–110). Madrid : Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de España venting deterioration due to high visitor concurrence. Carreras J, Druguet E (2005) Geòtop 163: Zones de cisalla de Roses. Departament de Geologia. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Generalitat de Catalunya. Direcció General del Medi Natu- We believe that the issues emerged from this case study ral. https://​media​mbient.​gencat.​cat/​web/.​conte​nt/​home/​ambits_​ can be extrapolated to other geosites located in periurban dactu​acio/​patri​moni_​natur​al/​siste​mes_​dinfo​r macio/​inven​t ari_​ areas or to similar contexts where anthropization prevails. despa​is_​dinte​res_​geolo​gic/​consu​lta_​de_​les_​fitxes_​descr​iptiv​es_​ dels_​eig/​docum​entos/​163_​descr​ip.​pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2022 Acknowledgements We wish to thank Joan Esteve Danès, former Carreras J, Druguet E (2013) Illustrated field guide to the geology of Cap councilor of the Roses town council, for his concern and awareness de Creus. Servei de Publicacions, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona on the importance of this geosite and his involvement in dynamiz- Carreras J, Losantos M (1982) Geological setting of the Roses grano- ing the project. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their diorite, (E-Pyrenees, Spain). 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