Published: October 1, 2023 EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y DEPORTES https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2023/4).154.02 ISSUE 154 16 Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y DEPORTES A Scoping Review Marina García-Solà1,2* , Yago Ramis1,2 , Marta Borrueco1,2 154 MG YR MB & Miquel Torregrossa1,2 MT 4.º trimestre (octubre-diciembre) 2023 1 Department of Basic, Developmental Psychology and Education, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona ISSN: 2014-0983 (Spain). WoS JCI-JCR Q2 IF 0.70 2 Institute for Sports Research, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain). Scopus Q1 CS 2.8 Cite this article García-Solà, M., Ramis, Y., Borrueco, M. & Torregrossa, M. (2023). Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A OPEN ACCESS Scoping Review. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 154, 16-33. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983. es.(2023/4).154.02 Editor: Abstract © Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de la Presidència Previous reviews on dual careers (DC) provide findings on athletes in general, without Institut Nacional d’Educació reference to gender and perpetuating the under-representation of women. Therefore, Física de Catalunya (INEFC) this scoping review focuses only on sportswomen in order to get an overview of the ISSN: 2014-0983 current landscape of DC studies in women’s sport. The methodology is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement and *Corresponding author: recommendations for scoping reviews. The bibliographic search was carried out in Marina García-Solà marina.garcia.sola@uab.cat the databases: Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, Pro-Quest and SPORTDiscus. Studies on DC with female participants and publications in scientific journals from 2012 Section: onwards were included, and 19 articles were obtained for the analysis and synthesis Human and Social Sciences of current research on women’s sport and DC. The results reveal a progressive Original language: increase in publications on sportswomen and DC, a predominance of combining Catalan sport and studies, and a gap in studies on work-life balance and critical transitions Received: in women’s sport. This review makes visible and highlights the research carried out September 2, 2022 on DC and sportswomen, as well as the effect of androcentrism, gender roles and Accepted: February 28, 2023 the lack of points of reference in the sporting context. Although it is evident that DC Published: is inherent to women’s sport, it has traditionally been studied and conceptualised October 1, 2023 based on male models. Therefore, research on this topic should be carried out in a holistic way, using models adapted to the realities of women’s sport and consciously Front cover: An athlete including the different modes of being a woman. doing parkour. ©Image Source. Adobe Stock. Keywords: feminism, mixed studies review, sport and studies, sport and work, sportswomen. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 16 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review Introduction HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES In order to better develop DC, career assistance The field of sports social sciences has studied the programmes (CAPs) have been developed around the incorporation, evolution and status of women within this world with the aim of providing assistance to athletes with sector for years, as well as the use and perception of the career-related aspects of their lives, both in and out of spaces they occupy (Vilanova & Soler, 2008). Research sport, and some even after retirement (Henry, 2013; López evidence in this area demonstrates how, as they have gained de Subijana et al., 2015; Torregrossa et al., 2020). These access to the world of sport, far from reproducing masculine are based on the holistic sport career model (Wylleman, behaviours, they have modelled a sporting culture of their 2019), which considers the athlete holistically and addresses own (Martin et al., 2017). This is possibly due to the fact that the development of the individual in different interacting women project the values acquired through their socialisation domains (i.e., sport, psychological, psychosocial, academic/ (Puig & Soler, 2004). Thus, the progressive increase in vocational, financial and legal; Wylleman, 2019), and women’s sport has been accompanied by “new ways of provides accompaniment during the transitions that the doing, understanding and relating to sport” (Martin et al., athlete will experience throughout his/her sporting life. 2017, p. 101). Research on DC is now a core topic in sport science In the current context, despite this rise in women’s sport, (Torregrossa et al., 2020), having increased significantly in there is a structural inequality of opportunities that limits recent decades (e.g., Stambulova & Wylleman, 2019). This women’s social agency in the development of a professional has led to different models of career development that are sports career (Ronkainen et al., 2020). This means that few generally valid and effective in determining transitions that women have the privilege of building a career exclusively occur in different domains throughout a sporting career. In centred on sport and that, therefore, dual career discourses both European and Spanish contexts, most studies focus that promote the compatibility of sport with a parallel work on athletes in general, without taking into account the or academic commitment are particularly relevant for young peculiarities of specific contexts and realities (e.g., López women (Ronkainen et al., 2020). de Subijana et al., 2015), although the sport career experience Dual career (DC) is “a career focused on both sport involves both athlete-specific (e.g., gender, age, type of and study or work” (Stambulova & Wylleman, 2015, p. 1). sport) and environmental (i.e., culture and sport context; Depending on the degree of prioritisation, four possible Stambulova & Alfermann, 2009) characteristics. Some sporting trajectories are described: (a) linear, where the researchers suggest that personal characteristics, including person focuses almost exclusively on their sporting career; gender, may influence an athlete’s perception and experience (b) convergent, where sport is still prioritised, but is partially of transitions and decision-making (Samuel & Tenenbaum, compatible with studies or a job; (c) parallel, where sport 2011; Tekavc, 2017). In fact, it has been found that while and studies or work are equally prioritised; and (d) divergent, men and women perceive some challenges and demands which occurs when sport and studies or work demand so in a similar way, there are others, such as the transition to much from the athlete to the point of being forced to abandon university (Perez-Rivases, et al. 2017a), which are perceived one or the other (Torregrossa et al., 2020). Different works markedly differently (Tekavc, 2017). on disengagement and other transitions (e.g. Perez-Rivases Systematic reviews synthesise all available research in et al., 2017a; Torregrossa et al., 2015) indicate that linear a transparent, rigorous and reproducible way, providing a and divergent trajectories have negative consequences for clear and up-to-date understanding of what is already known, the person who pursues them (e.g. dropping out). Moreover, what is unknown, and what next steps research should take evidence suggests that those individuals - in some cases (Tod et al., 2021). While there are systematic reviews on referred to as “strategists” (Vilanova & Puig, 2016) - DC (e.g. Guidotti et al., 2015; Stambulova & Wylleman, who pursue convergent and parallel trajectories are often 2019), they deal with athletes in general and there are none associated with certain positive benefits: good levels of specific to sportswomen. In the systematic review by Guidotti resilience and mental health (e.g., increased wellbeing, et al. (2015), no special mention is made of gender, nor is improved life balance; Tekavc et al., 2015; Torregrossa et there any mention of sportswomen; in contrast, there is a al., 2015) and DC competences (e.g. emotional awareness, reference to the state of the art by Stambulova and Wylleman career planning, DC management and social intelligence (2019), in which two comparative sentences can be found in and adaptability), leading to healthier and more balanced the results section with respect to men. Furthermore, in the personal development (De Brandt et al., 2018). Moreover, critical reflections section, major research gaps and future in the long term, they get better jobs and are happier with challenges encourage “research and further investigation their lives beyond sport (López de Subijana et al., 2015). of individual career pathways, including minority athletes Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 17 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (e.g. women) and transnational athletes” (Stambulova & the literature, as a starting point for the development of new Wylleman, 2019, p. 85). Both cases exemplify that women work and lines of research (Grant & Booth, 2009). are often significantly underrepresented in science in general For the development of this review the authors relied and specifically in sport psychology (Gledhill et al., 2017), on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and are considered a minority. Although social change is and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA; Page et al., 2021) statement underway in the European and North American context, sport and specifically on the PRISMA-ScR extension by Tricco remains one of the most accentuated pillars of androcentric et al. (2018) following the specific criteria for developing domination (Rovira-Font & Vilanova-Soler, 2022). The this type of review. androcentric view that predominates in science means that, according to Kavoura et al. (2012), male athletes are the norm, while female athletes are studied later, on the basis of Eligibility criteria and search strategy similarities or differences in relation to them (Cooky, 2016). In order to carry out the review, the following inclusion criteria Along these lines, and according to Ronkainen et al. (2016) were taken into account: (a) the studies had to be studies on and Andersson and Barker-Ruchti (2018), research on DC DC (i.e., sportswomen-students or sportswomen-workers), and women is still limited and needs to be strengthened (b) the participants had to be exclusively sportswomen, (c) by further investigation in this field. For this reason, this the studies had to have been published in scientific journals study aims to conduct a scoping review of the literature from 2012 (i.e., the year in which the European Commission on the DC of sportswomen. While previous reviews focus established the working guidelines on DC), and (d) they had on literature on athlete DC in general, this one focuses on to have an abstract in English. Finally, as exclusion criteria sportswomen and studies that place them at the centre of (a) studies with a mixed or male sample and (b) studies knowledge construction. related to the COVID-19 pandemic were not considered. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of For the identification of potentially relevant documents, the current landscape of research done on women’s DC in articles published between 2012 and 6 June 2022 were sport. After identifying studies on DC and sportswomen and retrieved from the following bibliographic databases: Web synthetically summarising the characteristics and results, of Science (Core collection), PsycINFO, Scopus, Pro-Quest the following question was asked: how has research evolved and SPORTDiscus. The search strategy, organisation and and what is there in the existing literature on dual careers combination of terms were determined using the CHIP in sportswomen? It thereby contributes to research by tool (i.e., Context, How, Issues, Population; Shaw, 2010), providing the first integrated synthesis of studies on the grouping keywords and terms related to DC and (female) DC of sportswomen. athletes, designed in English, in order to identify abstracts of studies conducted in any language (see Table 1). The relationship between search terms, databases and articles Method found is shown in Table A in the annexes. The electronic The methodology selected was the scoping review which database search was supplemented by hand searching for allows for the identification and categorisation of what is documents in reference lists and key journals in the field known and unknown about a topic, and identifies gaps in (Williams & Shaw, 2016). Table 1 Key words organised with the CHIP tool. CONTEXT Research in Psychology/Sociology of Women’s Sport and Dual Career. Method: “qualitative” OR “quantitative” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys” HOW AND Dual Career: “Dual Career*” OR “Dual-career*” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR “Dual Career* competenc*” OR “Dual Career Develop*” OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Transition” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity”AND ISSUES Education: “Student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “university students” OR Work: “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and Labor market” OR “Academic and vocational levels” AND Woman: “Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer POPULATION players” OR “Sportswomen” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes” NOT NOT “men” OR “mal*” OR “man” OR “covid” OR “COVID-19” OR “pandemic” OR “coronavirus” OR “lockdown” Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 18 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Identification and selection of relevant duplicates, the study evaluation was conducted in two phases: studies first, studies were screened by titles and abstracts, and To ensure that the search method was systematic, robust then full texts were analysed by assessing eligibility and and valid, the three steps proposed by PRISMA were rejecting articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. This followed: identification, selection and inclusion (Figure process of identification, screening and selection of articles 1; Page et al., 2021). Once the potentially relevant studies was carried out by the first author of the article, under the were identified (i.e., studies derived from the search and supervision of the other authors. To ensure transparency pending evaluation), the references and abstracts of each of in this process, it is important to record the decisions that these were downloaded and stored and organised using the have been made using the PRISMA flowchart (see Figure bibliographic management tool Mendeley. After excluding 1; Page et al., 2021). Figure 1 Systematic search, inclusion and exclusion of articles (Page et al., 2021) Identification of studies through Identification of studies databases and records by other methods Records identified from: Records deleted before Records identified Databases (N = 85) selection: from: Identification Proquest - 8 Duplicates records removed Websites (n = 0) (n = 21) Organisations (n = 0) PsycINFO - 5 Records marked unsuitable Citation and reference search Scopus - 29 for automation tools (n = 0) (n = 9) WoS - 32 Records removed for other etc. SPORTDiscus - 11 reasons (n = 1) Records reviewed Records excluded title and (n = 63) summary: Mixed sample (n = 5) Study type Selection/Screening (n = 1) Inclusion/exclusion criteria (n = 41) Systematic reviews (n = 5) etc. Publications assessed for eligibility (n = 9) Publications Records excluded by full assessed for eligibility text: (n = 11) Cultural transition (n = 1) Included Total number of studies included in this review (n = 19) Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 19 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table 2 Results and characteristics of the identified articles on dual careers and women in sport (N=19). Bibliographic Code and DC (studies/ Participants Context Type of study Method of data collection Theme Reference work) 1. Bergström et al. (2022) 1 retired skier Studies Norway Mixed - Semi-structured interview - DC management Age: NA - Training diaries - Sporting and non-sporting transitions - Rankings - Barriers and Resources - Syllabus data - Parallel trajectory 2. Frederickson (2022) 13 athletes; Studies United States Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC Management and DC Perception Football, basketball, - Transition to university lacrosse, volleyball, - Barriers and Resources softball, hockey, - Parallel trajectory gymnastics and athletics Ages: 22-34 3. McGreary et al. (2021) 6 football players Studies United Kingdom Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC Management and DC Perception Age: 18-26 - Transition from junior to senior - Transition to university - Barriers - Coping strategies - Convergent trajectory 4. Pankow et al. (2021) 6 athletes; Cross- Studies Canada Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - Mental Health country, rugby and longitudinal - Diaries - DC management athletics - Convergent trajectory Ages: 18-22 5. Harrison et al. (2020) 11 football players Studies and Work United Kingdom Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - Future planning Age: 16-22 - Transition to university - DC Perception - CAPs - Barriers - Parallel and divergent trajectory 6. Kavoura & Ryba (2020) 6 judokas Studies Finland Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC management Age: 20-27 - Future planning - Identity - Parallel and convergent trajectory Note: abbreviations used Table 2 DC: Dual Career; CAPs: Career Assistance Programmes; DCCQ-A: Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes; NA: Not Available Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 20 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table 2 (Continued) Results and characteristics of the identified articles on dual careers and women in sport (N=19). Bibliographic Code and DC (studies/ Participants Context Type of study Method of data collection Theme Reference work) 7. Perez-Rivases et al. (2020) 72 athletes; Studies Spain Quantitative - DCCQ-A29 - DC Competences and Management Sports: NA - CAPs Age: mean 17 - Parallel trajectory 8. Ronkainen et al. (2020) 10 athletes Studies Finland Qualitative - In-depth interviews - DC Management and DC Perception Sports: NA - Perfectionism Age: 19-22 - Parallel and divergent trajectory 9. Slaten et al. (2020) 14 athletes Studies United States Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC Management and DC Perception Football and Hockey - CAPs Age: 18-23 - Transition to university - Sports identity - Parallel trajectory 10. Cooper & Jackson (2019) 4 athletes Studies United States Qualitative - Individual interviews - DC Management and DC Perception Sports: Olympians - Focus Group Interview - Identity and roles Age: NA - Demographic questionnaire - Resources and Careers - Convergent and parallel trajectory 11. Andersson & Barker- 7 football players Studies and Work Sweden Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC management Ruchti (2018) Age: Over 22 - Bibliographic mapping - Career paths - Transition from junior to senior - Convergent trajectory 12. Kristiansen & Stensrud 6 female handball Studies Norway Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC management (2017) players - Physical tests - Sporting and non-sporting transitions Age: 13-14 - Puberty - Parallel trajectory 13. Perez-Rivases et al. 3 athletes Studies Spain Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - Transition to university (2017a) Waterpolo and - Parallel trajectory Swimming Age: 18 Note: abbreviations used Table 2 DC: Dual Career; CAPs: Career Assistance Programmes; DCCQ-A: Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes; NA: Not Available Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 21 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table 2 (Continued) Results and characteristics of the identified articles on dual careers and women in sport (N=19). Bibliographic Code and DC (studies/ Participants Context Type of study Method of data collection Theme Reference work) 14. Madsen & McGarry 13 athletes Studies United States Qualitative - Focus Group - DC Perception (2016) Football, basketball, - Semi-structured interview - Future planning volleyball, rowing, - Gender roles lacrosse, field and ice - Parallel trajectory hockey, athletics and tennis Age: NA 15. Gledhill & Harwood 13 retired football Studies United Kingdom Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC Perception (2015) players - Holistic perspective Age: mean 19 - DC management - Parallel and divergent trajectory 16. Han et al. (2015) 13 athletes Studies South Korea Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC Identity Age: 15-17 - Gender roles - Barriers - DC management - Parallel trajectory 17. Falls & Wilson (2013) 12 football players Studies United States Qualitative - Oral History Interview - Sporting and non-sporting transitions Age: 23-30 - Transition to university - Identity - Parallel trajectory 18. Selva et al. (2013) 23 active and retired Studies and Work Spain Qualitative - Semi-structured interview - DC management sportswomen - Barriers and Resources Sports: Olympians and - Linear, parallel and convergent trajectories non-Olympians. - Retired Age: 18-39 19. Debois et al. (2012) 1 retired fencer Studies and Work France Qualitative - In-depth interview - Sporting and non-sporting transitions Age: NA - Notes from advisory and follow-up - Transition from junior to senior interviews - Retired - Convergent and parallel trajectory Note: abbreviations used Table 2 DC: Dual Career; CAPs: Career Assistance Programmes; DCCQ-A: Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes; NA: Not Available Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 22 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Coding and data extraction papers were included according to titles, abstracts and full For data cleaning, a data extraction tool was developed in texts, which resulted in a total of 19 studies. The main the form of a table containing the articles included in this results and characteristics of interest for each study are review (see Table 2). The table provides information on the presented in Table 2. key characteristics of the study and details the authorship, The following is a description of the characteristics of DC year of publication, participants and sport modality, the studies on women (i.e., trend, situation), followed by a focus of the study, the design and methodology, and finally narrative synthesis of the extent of knowledge produced the main themes. The first author was responsible for in these studies. this cleaning, under the supervision of the other authors. The included studies were organised in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent studies (i.e., Description of study characteristics from 2022 to 2012) were listed first. Within each year, they As for the publication trend, although it is generally were arranged alphabetically according to the authors’ stable, the last three years have seen an upward trend. surnames. In addition, each article has a bibliographic From 2012, the date of the first article included, to 2019, code (see Table 2), which is used in the text (in square ten articles have been published with a focus on the DC brackets) to help with reading the following sections and of sportswomen. This number is almost the same (i.e., to distinguish the articles included from other references. nine publications) as the publications made in the last three years (i.e., from 2020 to 2022). Figure 2 shows an overview of the perspective from which Assessment of the quality of included women’s DC has been studied. The 19 studies included studies were carried out in nine countries on three different The quality of the research methodology for the articles continents, countries in the northern hemisphere, mostly ultimately included was assessed by means of the Mixed in North America and Europe. The country in which Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT: Hong et al., 2018). In women’s DC has been most researched is the United making this assessment, it is important to use criteria States, with five studies carried out, followed by the and tools appropriate for the type of evidence being United Kingdom and Spain with three and Norway and examined (Tod, 2019; Tod et al., 2021). The MMAT is a Finland with two each. In last place, South Korea, France, suitable assessment tool for this work as it is designed for Sweden and Canada with one study in each country. In the evaluation of mixed studies (i.e., reviews including terms of language, of the 19 entries, 17 were in English qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies). In and two in Spanish. Regarding the study participants, the MMAT checklist, there are two general questions and most of them are active sportswomen, while only four five questions for each type of study, to which one must studies include former sportswomen in their sample [1, 15, answer “yes”, “no” or “don’t know”. The quality assessment 18, 19]. The predominant study design is qualitative and was carried out by the first author, under the supervision the most commonly used technique for data collection is of the other authors. Most of the studies were considered the semi-structured interview. Exceptionally, there is one to be of high quality, two of medium quality and one of study [7] which uses quantitative methodology utilising low quality. The quality assessment of all studies can be the Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes found in Table B of the Annexes. (DCCQ-A; De Brandt et al., 2018), and one study with mixed methodology [1], which combines data collection through an individual interview and a training diary with Results data on rankings and data from a syllabus. As shown in Figure 1, 85 publications were returned from Depending on the focus of the DC, four studies assess the search of the aforementioned databases. Subsequent the compatibility of sport and alternative work and focus to the elimination of duplicates, 63 relevant studies exclusively on job placement and non-sport career (e.g. were identified. Based on the title and abstract, 53 were barriers and resources to combine sport and work), excluded, resulting in 11 articles for full text review, one while the rest (n = 15) assess compatibility with studies of which was excluded. In parallel, nine relevant papers and explore more general topics (e.g. management and were included in the manual search. Eventually, relevant perception of DC, identity, transitions, CAPs). Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 23 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review Figure 2 HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Geographical location of the included studies. Sweden Norway Finland Canada (n = 1) (n = 2) (n = 2) (n = 1) United Kingdom (n = 3) France (n = 1) Spain (n = 3) South Korea United States (n = 1) (n = 5) Number of publications 5 4 3 2 1 With regard to transitions, the transition to university Scope of DC studies on women (n = 6) is the one most frequently considered in the studies, In this section, a narrative synthesis of the scope of followed by the transition from junior to senior (n = 3), contributions and knowledge on the management and followed by the transition from retirement (n = 2) and, perception of sportswomen’s DC (i.e., barriers and resources, finally, the transition from puberty (n = 1). identities and trajectories) is presented. Finally, it can be inferred from the studies that the DC management is often perceived as problematic [3, majority of sportswomen followed a parallel trajectory 5, 8, 11], as in many cases it is difficult to find a balance (i.e., similar importance placed on sport and studies/work), and a period of adaptation is often necessary to adjust and followed by those sportswomen with a convergent trajectory cope with the different demands [3, 5, 13]. On the one (i.e., more importance placed on sport than studies/work). hand, the main perceived barriers are lack of, or poor time Some studies also refer to moments of diverging trajectories management [2, 5, 6, 10, 19], poor time flexibility [1, 2, 5, (i.e., where sporting and vocational demands conflict and 11, 18], having to leave home [3, 7, 19], environments with they drop out of sport). Lastly, there is only one study that excessive competitiveness or perfectionism [1, 8, 16, 19] addresses the possibility of following a linear trajectory as and increased sporting and academic demands [3, 5, 11, 12], a sportswoman. which, ultimately, they try to compensate for by reducing Having outlined the evolution of the research and the their social life [7, 12]. On the other hand, the main perceived general characteristics of the studies, it can be seen that the resources are social support (e.g. colleagues, coaching staff, most predominant study profile is that of football players family and friends) [2, 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18], acquired skills (n = 5), who combine sport with studies (n = 15) and follow (e.g. planning, organisation, ability to sacrifice) [1, 8, 18], a parallel career (n = 16), using a qualitative methodology motivation and commitment to continue studying [1, 2, 5, based on a semi-structured interview (n = 14), where aspects 10, 17] and access to institutional resources [2, 5, 7, 9, 10, of the management and perception of the DC are dealt 18]. In relation to institutional resources, women are often with (i.e., barriers and resources, transitions and future regular users of CAPs and they play an important role in planning; n = 17). the development of DC [5, 7]. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 24 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The lack of female role models means that some and knowledge of other women in the world and other sportswomen are not able to envisage a path to a professional modes of being a woman. future in elite sport [6, 16] and, therefore, link their identity The main barriers to DC for sportswomen are associated as professional sportswomen [5, 6, 14, 16]. However, some with poor time management, poor time flexibility, leaving studies [3, 10, 11] show that this sport identity is more home, environments with excessive competitiveness or prevalent, especially in sports that have reached professional perfectionism, and increased sporting and academic status (e.g., women’s football) or high competitive levels (e.g., demands. These findings reinforce other research on DC Division I college sports in the United States). Therefore, more generally, for example, in the study by López de in general, women do not tend to develop a single sport Subijana et al. (2015) or the study by Miró et al. (2018), identity, but develop multiple alternative identities besides in which poor time management and little time flexibility sport (e.g., student identity) [1, 6, 9, 15, 17]. In this sense, are recognised as the main obstacle when undertaking a when academic demands start to increase, sportswomen DC. Complementarily, social support and CAPs stand out start to develop these non-sporting identities [1, 5, 8] and as key resources for the development of a DC (López de may even decrease their focus on sport and see it as just Subijana et al., 2015). another hobby [5]. For example, the transition to university On a general level, the need to study DC from a broad is perceived by some as an opportunity to consider and perspective (i.e., holistic sport career model; Wylleman, investigate other career options, with the aim of personal 2019), which takes into account the specificity of and individual development [17]. At this point some sportswomen (i.e., predominant transitions and trajectories, begin to follow divergent trajectories, triggering possible role conflicts, lack of professional sport structures, abandonment of sport and premature withdrawals [5, 15, multiple identities crossed by gender roles), has become 16, 17]. In post-retirement career planning, many women evident. This implies that it is important to conduct studies choose to follow traditionally “female” careers because that consciously investigate critical transitions in the of the pressure to conform to social gender roles and few development and overall experience of sportswomen (e.g. consider a career path linked to sport [14]. puberty, motherhood, retirement; Debois et al., 2012). The transition to university has been studied both prospectively and retrospectively (Perez-Rivases et al., 2017a), as has Discussion occurred in the literature generally (Brown et al., 2015; This study enables sportswomen to be placed at the centre Defruyt et al., 2020). In both cases, the importance of of the construction of knowledge about DC and to explore planning ahead in order to successfully meet the challenge a reality that has traditionally been silenced or sidelined. of increased academic and sporting demands is highlighted In this way the existing literature has been categorised (Brown et al., 2015; Perez-Rivases et al., 2017a). This and trends and gaps in knowledge in this field have been transition is particularly critical for women, as there is identified. a high drop-out rate from sport during this period. In 19 primary studies published in scientific journals contrast, transitions which, generally speaking, in previous between 2012 and 2022 have been identified, the quality literature are highly studied (i.e., transition from junior to of most of which is considered to be high. The growing senior and retirement; Park et al., 2012; Torregrossa et al., number of publications on women’s DC is noteworthy. This 2016) do not feature prominently in the literature review. is in line with the findings of Stambulova and Wylleman’s According to Ronkainen et al. (2016) there is a gap in the (2019) state of the art, which suggest a trend of intensifying literature on women’s sport careers and few studies have research within DC discourse. However, it should be noted focused on understanding the impact of gender on the career that most articles are published in European countries or development and retirement processes of sportswomen. the United States, which only builds knowledge from a As for the critical pubertal transition, there is only one Western and Northern perspective. These results are in line study that considers it. Because of the changes it entails with those found in the review by Guidotti et al. (2015), and the perception of the body and physical abilities of which suggest that states that facilitate the education of sportswomen (Kristiansen & Stensrud, 2017; Tekavc et talented elite athletes also promote scientific interest in al., 2015), this is one of the critical transitions that should this field of research, but it should be borne in mind that be strengthened in the research, along with motherhood knowledge of women’s DC is being constructed based on (Ferrer et al. (2022). All these transitions can be addressed hegemonic culture (e.g. white, cisgender, middle-class in CAPs so that they occur and are experienced in the women) and, for the moment, invisibilising the experiences healthiest possible way. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 25 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Currently, these CAPs are created and designed based something to fall back on as an alternative to sport (Harrison on a general model of the athlete (e.g. male, white, middle et al., 2020). Given this reality, it is important that women’s class), and therefore constructed under the androcentric careers are studied from perspectives adapted to their bias. In fact, from some articles included in the review realities by focusing on the specific stressors, experiences (Harrison et al., 2020; Perez-Rivases et al., 2020), there and motivations that women have for pursuing this DC. is a concern and a call for an improvement in the quality As seen in the results of this review, multidimensional of care afforded to CAPs, specifically that they should identity and sport are highly studied topics. Considering be more gender-sensitive and designed to maximise the the sportswoman developing DC holistically implies personal resources of sportswomen, so as to better adapt understanding that she is traversed by multiple roles (e.g., to the specific demands of their DC (Skrubbeltrang et al., gender, student, athlete) and identities, and while these are 2020). Many CAPs continue to provide advice beyond their ultimately a protective factor against withdrawal (Douglas sporting careers, even after retirement (Henry, 2013). In & Carless, 2009; Jordana et al., 2017), what conflicts fact, one of their functions is to advise the athlete on how to prioritising multiple domains simultaneously over the course combine sport with a job and how to find a job during and/ of DC has not been sufficiently explored. Of the articles or after retirement. This review highlights the scarcity of reviewed, only one attempts to explicitly explain why. Han research focusing on the reconciliation of sport with work et al. (2015) suggest that this conflict may arise because or employment after retirement. As noted by Stambulova they are expected to play a triple role: women, students/ and Wylleman (2019), there is a lack of data on work-sport workers and sportswomen. On the one hand, and in line balance, and there is a need to put this issue on the research with other research (Tekavc, 2017), being an athlete today agenda in women’s DC research. This need is also reflected is still associated with a conventional masculine role that in the recent Position Stand of the International Society conflicts with the role of being a woman. Furthermore, of Sport Psychology (ISSP) which sets the challenge of because of the dual athlete-student identity, in which most research beyond the sport career in order to study also the women feel more sporty, given that most of their schedule employability competences of the athlete, as well as DC is occupied by training and most of their social relations combining sport and work (Stambulova et al., 2021). The are within the sporting context (Han et al., 2015). Along lack of studies in this area has important repercussions on the these lines, Lee (2012) reports that student-athletes are development of the sporting career, as it entails overlooking more distanced from classmates because attendance is less one of the main areas of the athlete’s life. regular and they may spend less time outside school hours. This vocational area is particularly relevant for women as In this sense, the results of some studies included (Falls & women’s sport generally has fewer resources and structures Wilson, 2013) are in line with previous studies (Tekavc (Ronkainen et al., 2020), and many competitions do not have et al., 2015), which point out that teammates are a crucial professional status. Although high-level sportswomen can be source of support for their development and suggest that found competing at national or international level and are paid sport identity is closely linked to the team. for their performance (Gladden & Sutton, 2014), most of them The results of the studies included suggest that the have to combine sport and work or retire prematurely from perceived lack of career opportunities, multidimensional sport because salaries at the professional level alone are not identity, the exploration of other interests, the attempt to sufficient (Sherry & Taylor, 2019; Skrubbeltrang et al., 2020). combine sport and work and the transition to higher education The study and concept of DC emerges as a preventive result in the adoption of divergent trajectories (Torregrossa resource from the withdrawal process based on the logic of et al., 2020) that lead to a higher probability of dropout and professional sport with a linear trajectory. In other words, early withdrawal. Specifically, Han et al. (2015) suggest the DC phenomenon is constructed on the basis of the male that in the face of a social system with limited opportunity athlete with real professional options and, therefore, from for career choices, when faced with an alternative to sport, an androcentric logic. In contrast, in the results of the study, sportswomen may consider withdrawal. Previous research the majority of sportswomen follow parallel or converging follows the same line and warns of the high risk of women trajectories and this collation is rarely a voluntary decision, retiring prematurely (Skrubbeltrang, 2019) with the main but an essential and idiosyncratic fact of women’s sport reasons being entering the world of work (Tekavc et al., (Ronkainen et al., 2020). So much so that the possibility 2015), receiving a good job opportunity (Stambulova et al., of following a linear trajectory as a sportswoman is only 2007), the low probability of succeeding in a professional mentioned in one study. Sportswomen are aware that, as sports career (Skrubbeltrang et al., 2020) and motherhood women, they need education in order to provide them with (Tekavc et al., 2020). Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 26 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES When the time comes to retire, the results show that it currently mainstream. This often means that even if there is difficult for women to continue with a job linked to the are studies on the topic of interest, they are difficult to world of sport (e.g. coaches, referees, physical trainers). find through systematic database searches with the search On the one hand, the lack of female role models in these engines used. This is knowledge that must be explored, jobs plays an important role in this situation, which may and which is invisible due to the lack of relevance given to explain why women are not so attracted to this career path both the results and the conclusions drawn, as a result of (Borrueco et al., 2022). On the other hand, according to the androcentrism that predominates in science. For this Ryba et al. (2015) and seconded by Ronkainen et al. (2016), reason, while the scoping reviews are comprehensive, it is by socialising as women, sportswomen often feel pressure possible that some relevant studies may have been omitted. to adhere to the life path set for them or have to choose Finally, a potential limitation is that the scope of the results between that or sport. This life path dictates that graduation only allows for the description of the development of DC for should lead to a full-time job and family (Ronkainen et al., women in general. Given the characteristics of the samples 2016). Therefore, it is common for women to opt to follow of the included studies, there is a lack of specific articles traditionally “feminine” careers once they have finished that explore and incorporate the experiences of all types their sporting careers, and their professional aspirations are of women, specifying the different axes of oppression that congruent with the academic training they have obtained affect them (e.g. race, culture, sexual orientation, abilities (Navarro, 2015). This would exacerbate the shortage of -intersectionality-; Collins, 2015). women managers and women in positions of power and Therefore, it is recommended that beyond increasing leadership in the world of sport (Perez-Rivases et al., 2017b). the amount of research that explores the identified gaps In order to provide guidance on how to manage gender- in women’s DC (e.g. sport-work balance, the concept and specific aspects of a sporting career (e.g. conflict between status of professionals in women’s sport, the lack of role sporting agenda and female role, conflict between sporting models, women’s motivation towards DC), future research and academic/vocational agenda, balancing motherhood and should also include and take into account diversity among sport, critical transitions), so that women’s participation women. In this way, future research designs should be and aspirations in the world of sport can be increased and sensitive to intersectionality which is understood as the women’s sport can continue to grow, different female sporting “web of intersecting relations” considering various forms of role models need to be made visible as points of reference. oppression (e.g. race, sexuality, nationality) that intertwine Women who act as role models and points of reference with each other and co-construct people’s lived realities are of great importance for the construction of identity (Collins, 2015). This will make it possible to visualise because they provide examples that can be reflected upon. different realities and experiences of women undertaking For example, Han et al. (2015) report athletes lamenting the a DC and to broaden the diversity of points of reference. lack of female role models for women with DC trajectories Finally, this review provides an overview of the state of and career paths in sport. Along the same lines, there is the literature in this area. At the same time, it allows for also a lack of women in different leadership positions in the detection of the studied population’s needs in order the world of sport (Borrueco et al., 2022; Perez-Rivases to develop future actions that raise awareness in society et al., 2017b). For this reason, it is essential that academia and enable the implementation of egalitarian practices. constructs and makes visible narratives that are close to This implementation is necessary at different levels: in the their identities and needs and that allow them to be guided management of sport by institutions and sports federations towards action (Ronkainen et al., 2019). Only in this way (i.e., equal opportunities, resources and visibility); in the will it be possible that in the future the different ways of work of professionals linked to clubs and sports centres, in doing, understanding and relating to sport that women bring order to make the experience of sportswomen as healthy as to the table will form part of and nourish the socialisation possible (e.g. advice in CAPs). This is why it is necessary of future generations of sportsmen and women. that research and application move in the same direction. Limitations and future lines of research Conclusions This study is not without limitations, among which it is This scoping review has provided an overview of the current worth highlighting that approximately half of the articles research landscape on DC and sportswomen. In this way, included in the review come from manual searches in other a new door is opened to women’s sport with the aim of sources, when usually the majority of the articles included enriching and increasing research and the representation come from systematic searches in databases. One possible of women in this field. The results reveal that most of the reason for this anomaly is that the subject of study is not perceived barriers and resources are the same as those in Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 27 M. García-Solà et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review De Brandt, K., Wylleman, P., Torregrossa, M., Schipper-Van Veldhoven, HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES research in general, but due to socialising as a woman, N., Minelli, D., Defruyt, S., & De Knop, P. (2018). 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Conflict of Interests: No conflict of interest was reported by the authors. © Copyright Generalitat de Catalunya (INEFC). This article is available at the URL https://www.revista-apunts.com/en/. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 30 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review ANNEXES HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table A Database search strategies. Database Boolean/Phrase: Results Search date SPORTDiscus ( “Dual Career*” OR “Dual-career*” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR “Dual Career Develop*” 11 6 June, 2022 OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Transition” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity” ) AND ( “Student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “university students” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and Labo$r market” OR “Academic and vocational levels” ) AND ( “Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer players” OR “Sportswomen” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes” ) AND ( “qualitative research” OR “quantitative research” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys” ) NOT ( men OR males OR man OR male ) NOT ( covid OR covid-19 OR pandemic OR coronavirus OR lockdown ) Scopus ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “Dual Career*” OR “Dual-career*” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR 29 6 June, 2022 “Dual Career Develop*” OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Transition” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity” ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “Student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “university students” OR “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and Labo$r market” OR “Academic and vocational levels” ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer players” OR “sportswoman” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes” ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “qualitative research” OR “quantitative research” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys” ) AND NOT TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “men” OR “mal*” OR “man” ) AND NOT TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “covid” OR “COVID-19” OR “pandemic” OR “coronavirus” OR “lockdown” ) ) PsycINFO (“Dual Career*” OR “Dual-career*” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR “Dual Career Develop*” 5 6 June, 2022 OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Transition” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity”) AND (“Student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “university students” OR “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and labor$r market” OR “Academic and vocational levels”) AND (“Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer players” OR “Sportswomen” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes”) AND (“qualitative research” OR “quantitative research” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys”) NOT (“men” OR “mal*” OR “man”) NOT (“covid” OR “COVID-19” OR “pandemic” OR “coronavirus” OR “lockdown”) Proquest (“dual career” OR “Dual-career*” OR “dual careers” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR “Dual Career 8 6 June, 2022 Develop*” OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity”) AND (“student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “university students” OR “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and labor$r market” OR “Academic and vocational levels”) AND (“Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer players” OR “Sportswomen” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes”) AND (“qualitative research” OR “quantitative research” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys”) NOT (“men” OR “mal*” OR “man”) WoS (Core (“Dual Career*” OR “Dual-career*” OR “Dual Career athlete*” OR “Dual Career experiences” OR “Dual Career Balance” OR “Dual Career Develop*” 32 6 June, 2022 Collection) OR “Dual Career Transition*” OR “Transition” OR “Dual Career Support” OR “Dual Career Assistance” OR “Career Development Gender Inequity”) AND ( “Student-athlete*” OR “College-athlete*” OR “pupil-athlete” OR “Elite Sport and Education” OR “Sport and Education” OR “Sport and university” OR “Sport and school” OR “Sport and Studies” OR “university students” OR “Employee-athlete*” OR “Sport and Work” OR “Elite sport and Employment” OR “Sport and Labo$r market” OR “Academic and vocational levels” ) AND ( “Wom* student-athlete” OR “wom* athlete” OR “elite sport wom*” OR “Female” OR “women” OR “female soccer players” OR “Sportswomen” OR “women’s dual-careers” OR “female athletes”) AND (“qualitative research” OR “quantitative research” OR “mixed” OR “interviews” OR “focus groups” OR “questionnaires” OR “surveys”) NOT (“men” OR “mal*” OR “man”) NOT (“covid” OR “COVID-19” OR “pandemic” OR “coronavirus” OR “lockdown”) ) Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 31 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table B MMAT quality assessment profile. Screening Questions 1. Qualitative Studies S1. Are the S2. Does the 1.1. Is the 1.2. Are the qualitative 1.3. Are the 1.4. Is the 1.5. Is there objectives and/ data collected qualitative data collection conclusions interpretation consistency Code or research address the approach methods appropriate adequately of the results between Reference questions research appropriate for for addressing the derived from sufficiently qualitative Total Bibliographic clear? objectives and/ answering the research objective the data? supported by data sources, or research research objective and/or research the data? collection, analysis questions? and/or research question? and interpretation? question? 2 Frederickson (2022) Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes Yes 80% 3 McGreary et al. (2021) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 4 Pankow et al. (2021) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 5 Harrison et al. (2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 6 Kavoura & Ryba (2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 8 Ronkainen et al. (2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 9 Slaten et al. (2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 10 Cooper & Jackson (2019) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 11 Andersson & Barker-Ruchti (2018) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 12 Kristiansen & Stensrud (2017) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 40% 13 Perez-Rivases et al. (2017) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 80% 14 Madsen & McGarry (2016) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 15 Gledhill & Harwood (2015) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 16 Han et al. (2015) Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes Yes 80% 17 Falls & Wilson (2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 18 Selva et al. (2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 % 19 Debois et al. (2012) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes 80% N.B. 1 ’yes’ corresponds to 20% of the MMAT criterion; 2 ’yes’ corresponds to 40% of the MMAT criterion; 3 ’yes’ corresponds to 60% of the MMAT criterion; 4 ’yes’ corresponds to 80% of the MMAT criterion; 5 ’yes’ corresponds to 100% of the MMAT criterion. 20-40 % = low quality; 60–80 % = moderate quality; 80–100 % = high quality Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 32 A. Ensenyat et al. Dual Careers in Women’s Sports: A Scoping Review HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Table B (Continued) MMAT quality assessment profile. Screening Questions 2. Quantitative Descriptive Studies S1. Are the S2. Does the 2.1. Is the 2.2. Is the sample 2.3. Are the 2.4. Is the risk 2.5. Is the objectives and/ data collected sampling strategy representative of the measures of non-response statistical analysis Code or research address the appropriate for target population? appropriate? bias low? appropriate for Reference Bibliographic questions research addressing the answering the Total clear? objective and/ research objective objective and/ or research and/or research or the research question? question? question? 7 Perez-Rivases et al. (2020) Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unknown Yes 60% Screening Questions 3. Mixed methods studies S1. Are the S2. Does the 3.1. Is there 3.2. Are the different 3.3. Are the results 3.4. Are 3.5. Do the objectives and/ data collected adequate components of the of the integration divergences and different or research address the justification for study effectively of qualitative inconsistencies components of the Code Reference questions research using a mixed integrated in order to and quantitative between study adhere to Bibliographic clear? objective and/ methods design answer the research components quantitative the quality criteria Total or research to address the objective and/or adequately and qualitative of each tradition question? research objective research question? interpreted? results of the methods and/or research adequately involved? question? addressed? 21 Bergström et al. (2022) Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes No Yes 60% N.B. 1 ’yes’ corresponds to 20% of the MMAT criterion; 2 ’yes’ corresponds to 40% of the MMAT criterion; 3 ’yes’ corresponds to 60% of the MMAT criterion; 4 ’yes’ corresponds to 80% of the MMAT criterion; 5 ’yes’ corresponds to 100% of the MMAT criterion. 20-40 % = low quality; 60–80 % = moderate quality; 80–100 % = high quality Apunts Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2023, n.º 154. 4th Quarter (October-December), pág. 16-33 33