6e196343f5d81c167bf367b3d117a1d4 min_a2023m11v13n11p1421.pdf 12889636e4ef82d84fa58f88aa1bc8eb92647871 min_a2023m11v13n11p1421.pdf b6443212496ad72f19f1b71c063ea7e5daf1f408ee4d109f8e92952c75660345 min_a2023m11v13n11p1421.pdf Title: Through the Looking Glass: Technological Characterization of Roman Glasses Mimicking Precious Stones from the Gorga Collection (Museo Nazionale Romano—Palazzo Altemps) Subject: This paper provides a detailed technological characterization of the Roman opus sectile glasses (second century AD) coming from the renowned Gorga collection. Nine glass samples corresponding to imitations of the porfido verde antico, cipollino rosso, rosso antico, giallo antico, diaspro nero e giallo, semesanto and agate/alabaster stones were studied. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) archaeometric, i.e., to provide valuable data on the production, raw materials and techniques of these refined Roman glasses that mimic precious stones and (ii) methodological, i.e., to highlight the good performance of combining polished thin sections and local probe measurements for the study of glassy microstructures. Based on the nature of the flux used, the glasses from the samples were classified as either natron-type or mixed-type (natron/plant ash). The latter stem from remelted glasses and contain relict grains of wollastonite that were not found in the pure natron samples. Relict wollastonite crystals appear to be a proficient petrographic marker to spot recycled glasses along with the commonly used chemical fingerprints. Different production and colouring techniques were identified, even for a given type of imitated stone. Metallic Cu, Ca antimonates and Pb-Fe antimonates were the three opacifiers used for the opaque glasses. Based on the crystal morphologies, metallic Cu and Ca antimoniates were possibly synthesized in situ simultaneously with the glass, whilst the Pb-Fe antimonates were prepared ex situ. The working temperatures for these glasses were estimated within the 900–1100 C range based on the presence and known thermal stability of some identified crystal phases. Keywords: polished thin section; wollastonite; recycling; glass; Pb-Fe antimonate; petrography; relict; devitrification; opus sectile; imitation Author: Roberta Di Febo, Lluís Casas, Alberta Silvestri, Ángel Adolfo del Campo, Oriol Vallcorba, Ignasi Queralt, Judith Oró, Mario Villa, Jaume Gàzquez, Jordi Rius, Chiara Giobbe and Giovanna Bandini Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Nov 8 09:37:36 2023 CET ModDate: Wed Nov 8 10:03:34 2023 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 33 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 52893917 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PYYOEB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 SDFIXL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 AQCGXR+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 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MFKBJL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 756 0 MFKBJM+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 759 0 MFKBJN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 765 0 MFKBKP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 768 0 MFKCJK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 771 0 ONMQZI+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 799 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-04-19 02:44:28 CEST RepresentationInformation: min_a2023m11v13n11p1421.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-04-18 15:04:59 CEST Size: 52893917 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 1099 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Sampled Materials Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Characterization Methods Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Bulk Composition (Glassy Phase) Destination: subsection.3.1 Children: Item: Title: Composition of the Base Glass Destination: subsubsection.3.1.1 Item: Title: Colouring Elements and Opacifiers Destination: subsubsection.3.1.2 Item: Title: Glassy Microstructures and Crystalline Phases (Studied Using Thin Sections) Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Porfido Verde Antico Imitations (Samples PV1 and PV2) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Cipollino Rosso Imitation (Sample CR) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Rosso Antico Imitation (Sample R) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Giallo Antico Imitation (Sample G) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.4 Item: Title: Diaspro Nero e Giallo Imitation (Sample D) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.5 Item: Title: Semesanto Imitation (Sample S) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.6 Item: Title: Agate/Alabaster Imitations (Samples A1 and A2) Destination: subsubsection.3.2.7 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Glass Compositional Groups and Recycling Markers Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Production Practices and Different Versions of a Given Imitated Stone Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Working Temperatures Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.A. Info: Title: Through the Looking Glass: Technological Characterization of Roman Glasses Mimicking Precious Stones from the Gorga Collection (Museo Nazionale Romano Palazzo Altemps) Author: Roberta Di Febo, Lluís Casas, Alberta Silvestri, Ángel Adolfo del Campo, Oriol Vallcorba, Ignasi Queralt, Judith Oró, Mario Villa, Jaume Gàzquez, Jordi Rius, Chiara Giobbe and Giovanna Bandini Subject: This paper provides a detailed technological characterization of the Roman opus sectile glasses (second century AD) coming from the renowned Gorga collection. Nine glass samples corresponding to imitations of the porfido verde antico, cipollino rosso, rosso antico, giallo antico, diaspro nero e giallo, semesanto and agate/alabaster stones were studied. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) archaeometric, i.e., to provide valuable data on the production, raw materials and techniques of these refined Roman glasses that mimic precious stones and (ii) methodological, i.e., to highlight the good performance of combining polished thin sections and local probe measurements for the study of glassy microstructures. Based on the nature of the flux used, the glasses from the samples were classified as either natron-type or mixed-type (natron/plant ash). The latter stem from remelted glasses and contain relict grains of wollastonite that were not found in the pure natron samples. Relict wollastonite crystals appear to be a proficient petrographic marker to spot recycled glasses along with the commonly used chemical fingerprints. Different production and colouring techniques were identified, even for a given type of imitated stone. Metallic Cu, Ca antimonates and Pb-Fe antimonates were the three opacifiers used for the opaque glasses. Based on the crystal morphologies, metallic Cu and Ca antimoniates were possibly synthesized in situ simultaneously with the glass, whilst the Pb-Fe antimonates were prepared ex situ. The working temperatures for these glasses were estimated within the 900 1100 C range based on the presence and known thermal stability of some identified crystal phases. 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