20a703316264e3b8f9816eb5d114e5d7 Reversal_of_Conditioned.pdf 788ac317e5faaea40735e3714dae8ecfe83f44e6 Reversal_of_Conditioned.pdf 8938c24dcd4467de419e3300f45f764faa8a8c528eccdfc036f1ec00997a44d7 Reversal_of_Conditioned.pdf Title: Reversal of Conditioned Food Aversion Using a Cognitive Intervention: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Study Subject: Background: Aversive conditioning weakens the gratifying value of a comfort meal. The aim was to determine the effect of a cognitive intervention to reverse aversive conditioning and restore hedonic postprandial response. Methods: This was a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind, parallel study that was conducted on 12 healthy women (n = 6 in each group). The reward value of a comfort meal was measured on different days: at initial exposure, after aversive conditioning (administration of the same meal with a masked fat overload on the previous day) and after a cognitive intervention (disclosing the aversive conditioning paradigm in the test group vs. no explanation in the control group). The primary outcome, digestive wellbeing, was determined using graded scales at regular intervals before and after ingestion. Results: At initial exposure, the comfort meal produced a rewarding experience that was impaired using aversive conditioning; upon re-exposure to the original meal, the cognitive intervention increased meal wanting and liking; improved digestive wellbeing and mood; tended to reduce postprandial satiety, bloating/fullness; and abolished discomfort/pain, thereby restoring the hedonic value of the comfort meal. By contrast, sham intervention had no effects, and the postprandial sensations remained like the responses to the offending meal. Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that in healthy women, a mild, short-term acquired aversion to a comfort meal can be reversed using a cognitive intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05897411. Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning; aversive conditioning; cognitive intervention; eating behaviour; digestive sensations; postprandial symptoms; digestive wellbeing; food valence Author: Adoracion Nieto, Dan M. Livovsky and Fernando Azpiroz Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Nov 30 05:08:55 2023 CET ModDate: Thu Nov 30 05:29:38 2023 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1253775 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- FGUDRR+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 EBJHCD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 ZMPBGI+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 YSNOIG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 HGMNRX+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 42 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 67 0 OOPNDA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 81 0 OOPNDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 84 0 OOPNDC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 OOPNDE+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 93 0 OOPOEP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 96 0 OOPNDA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 113 0 OOPNDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 116 0 OOPNDC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 122 0 OOPNDE+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 OOPOEP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 128 0 OOPNDA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 142 0 OOPNDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 145 0 OOPNDC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 151 0 OOPNDE+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 154 0 OOPNDA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 168 0 OOPNDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 171 0 OOPNDC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 177 0 OOPNDD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 180 0 OOPNDE+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 186 0 OOPOEP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 189 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-04-10 02:42:31 CEST RepresentationInformation: Reversal_of_Conditioned.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-04-09 20:13:40 CEST Size: 1253775 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 333 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Material and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Experimental Design Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Participants Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: General Procedure Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Interventions Destination: subsection.2.4 Children: Item: Title: Probe Meal Destination: subsubsection.2.4.1 Item: Title: Experimental Paradigm Destination: subsubsection.2.4.2 Item: Title: Outcome Measures: Hedonic and Homeostatic Sensations Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Demographics and Study Flow Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Original Responses to the Comfort Meal (Study Day 1) Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Offending Meal (Study Day 2 versus Day 1) Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Aversive Conditioning (Study Day 3 versus Day 1) Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Effect of the Cognitive Intervention (Day 4 versus Day 3) Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Results of the Sensitivity Analysis Using Generalized Linear Mixed Modelling (GLMM) Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions and Inferences Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: Reversal of Conditioned Food Aversion Using a Cognitive Intervention: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Study Author: Adoracion Nieto, Dan M. Livovsky and Fernando Azpiroz Subject: Background: Aversive conditioning weakens the gratifying value of a comfort meal. The aim was to determine the effect of a cognitive intervention to reverse aversive conditioning and restore hedonic postprandial response. Methods: This was a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind, parallel study that was conducted on 12 healthy women (n = 6 in each group). The reward value of a comfort meal was measured on different days: at initial exposure, after aversive conditioning (administration of the same meal with a masked fat overload on the previous day) and after a cognitive intervention (disclosing the aversive conditioning paradigm in the test group vs. no explanation in the control group). The primary outcome, digestive wellbeing, was determined using graded scales at regular intervals before and after ingestion. Results: At initial exposure, the comfort meal produced a rewarding experience that was impaired using aversive conditioning; upon re-exposure to the original meal, the cognitive intervention increased meal wanting and liking; improved digestive wellbeing and mood; tended to reduce postprandial satiety, bloating/fullness; and abolished discomfort/pain, thereby restoring the hedonic value of the comfort meal. By contrast, sham intervention had no effects, and the postprandial sensations remained like the responses to the offending meal. Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that in healthy women, a mild, short-term acquired aversion to a comfort meal can be reversed using a cognitive intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05897411. 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