3740790f811690781e8bb453c54f11f9 sus_a2023m5v15n10p8050.pdf 9f2845f8e42df0783a231e5eb73c01400b9ddbf3 sus_a2023m5v15n10p8050.pdf 76de2bf939c9525868c8643b109a76d7ee5aee6b176a6b04ccfa9f31ce02e7d6 sus_a2023m5v15n10p8050.pdf Title: Examining the Potential of Marine Renewable Energy: A Net Energy Perspective Subject: It is often claimed that marine renewable energy alone could meet the electricity demand of current and future human societies. However, such claims are based on highly uncertain estimations of the global potentials of marine renewable energy sources (including tidal, ocean currents, wave, offshore wind and salinity and thermal gradients), and do not take into account the embedded energy of current technologies. To better understand the effective potential of marine energy, we conducted a literature review of its gross, technical, economic and sustainable potentials, as well as the energy return on investment (EROI), and estimated the net energy potential. We found that all marine technologies could provide a maximum energy surplus of 57,000 TWh/yr. This figure goes down to 5000 TWh/yr when excluding offshore wind. The previous figures do not include the contribution from ocean currents, for which no reliable estimates of global potentials and EROIs could be obtained. Due to its high upfront costs and environmental impacts and low social acceptance, no additional tidal range capacity expansion is envisioned. Similarly, the combination of a low sustainable potential and the low EROI makes the large-scale exploitation of salinity gradients unlikely with current technologies. Including all technologies, the average EROI of marine energy is 20, but excluding offshore wind reduces the average EROI to 8. While we did consider sustainability constraints for some marine energy sources, our estimation of marine net energy potential primarily relied on technical factors and did not account for economic and legal constraints. Therefore, the results presented here should be interpreted as an upper bound for the actual net energy contribution of marine energy sources to the global energy mix. Keywords: EROI; oceanic energy; offshore wind; ocean currents; OTEC; tidal; SGE; wave Author: Roger Samsó Campà, Júlia Crespin Esteve, Antonio José García Olivares and Jordi Solé Ollé Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu May 18 11:42:18 2023 CEST ModDate: Thu May 18 11:46:50 2023 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 35 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 537010 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- POCFIE+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 WIBVII+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 BLNKMV+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 NUCZZA+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 IZBVAO+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 41 0 CZKGAS+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 66 0 AAAAAA+Garet-Regular CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 81 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 105 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 158 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-04-20 02:36:13 CEST RepresentationInformation: sus_a2023m5v15n10p8050.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-04-19 17:52:09 CEST Size: 537010 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 947 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Energy Potentials, Energy Return on Investment (EROI) and Net Energy Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Literature Review Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Energy Potentials of Marine Technologies Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Tidal Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Wave Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Ocean Currents Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: OTEC Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Salinity Gradient Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Offshore Wind Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: EROI of Marine Technologies and Devices Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Tidal Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Wave Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Ocean Currents Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: OTEC Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Salinity Gradient Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Offshore Wind Destination: subsection.4.6 Item: Title: Net Energy Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Tidal Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Wave Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: OTEC Destination: subsection.5.3 Item: Title: Salinity Gradient Destination: subsection.5.4 Item: Title: Offshore Wind Destination: subsection.5.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.6 Children: Item: Title: Literature Review Destination: subsection.6.1 Item: Title: Potentials, EROI and Net Energy Destination: subsection.6.2 Item: Title: Limitations of the Present Study Destination: subsection.6.3 Item: Title: Future Industry and Research Directions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.8 Item: Title: References Destination: section.8 Info: Title: Examining the Potential of Marine Renewable Energy: A Net Energy Perspective Author: Roger Samsó Campà, Júlia Crespin Esteve, Antonio José García Olivares and Jordi Solé Ollé Subject: It is often claimed that marine renewable energy alone could meet the electricity demand of current and future human societies. However, such claims are based on highly uncertain estimations of the global potentials of marine renewable energy sources (including tidal, ocean currents, wave, offshore wind and salinity and thermal gradients), and do not take into account the embedded energy of current technologies. To better understand the effective potential of marine energy, we conducted a literature review of its gross, technical, economic and sustainable potentials, as well as the energy return on investment (EROI), and estimated the net energy potential. We found that all marine technologies could provide a maximum energy surplus of 57,000 TWh/yr. This figure goes down to 5000 TWh/yr when excluding offshore wind. The previous figures do not include the contribution from ocean currents, for which no reliable estimates of global potentials and EROIs could be obtained. Due to its high upfront costs and environmental impacts and low social acceptance, no additional tidal range capacity expansion is envisioned. Similarly, the combination of a low sustainable potential and the low EROI makes the large-scale exploitation of salinity gradients unlikely with current technologies. Including all technologies, the average EROI of marine energy is 20, but excluding offshore wind reduces the average EROI to 8. While we did consider sustainability constraints for some marine energy sources, our estimation of marine net energy potential primarily relied on technical factors and did not account for economic and legal constraints. Therefore, the results presented here should be interpreted as an upper bound for the actual net energy contribution of marine energy sources to the global energy mix. 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320, 182, 330 Checksum: 0d927666 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 3740790f811690781e8bb453c54f11f9 Type: MD5 Checksum: 9f2845f8e42df0783a231e5eb73c01400b9ddbf3 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 76de2bf939c9525868c8643b109a76d7ee5aee6b176a6b04ccfa9f31ce02e7d6 Type: SHA-256