d0be886dbe57958b73eef120f2b07746 EngPro_a2023v54n1p29.pdf 60ec83b119acbd38a201567afc7caec69d892480 EngPro_a2023v54n1p29.pdf ebf9ab1da7ba6606241afdd7d4784105595c9c8a4e7a226f59ded009b257cbce EngPro_a2023v54n1p29.pdf Title: E1-E6 SDR Platform Based on BladeRF for Testing Galileo-Assisted Commercial Authentication Service Subject: To enhance the robustness of the GNSS against malicious attacks (e.g., spoofing), the European Galileo is working on new services, like OSNMA, which provides authentication on the navigation bits, or CAS, which aims to encrypt the spreading code chips. An assisted mode of the latter, named ACAS, is currently under definition by the Galileo program. It uses the TESLA keys provided by OSNMA on the E1-B signal to re-encrypt some fragments of the encrypted E6-C signal, known as RECSs, that are made available in the GSC. Once downloaded by a compatible receiver, they can be decrypted using the corresponding key and used to perform the correlation with the broadcasted E6-C signal. If that results in a correlation peak, the signal can be authenticated under certain circumstances. However, the probability of detecting this peak depends on the length of these fragments and their periodicity, since they are only provided for certain predefined instants. Indeed, if the receiver relies solely on E6-C signal and has no accurate time reference, this probability is severely degraded. This is why the nominal operating mode proposed for ACAS is to use the estimates provided by E1-B to reduce the uncertainty on the E6-C signal, so that the receiver can know precisely where these fragments are located. In the context of the PAULA project, we have developed a low-cost hardware platform based on bladeRF that allows acquiring both E1-B and E6-C samples synchronously. In this paper, we describe how to set up this platform and we characterise the alignment between the E1-B and E6-C estimates (code phase and Doppler frequency) using the real datasets obtained with such a platform, which is of key importance for the ACAS nominal mode. The results confirm the convenience of using the estimates from the E1-B signal for ACAS. Keywords: GNSS; Galileo; ACAS; authentication; acquisition; snapshot; SDR; bladeRF; E1-B; E6-C Author: Rafael Terris-Gallego, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, José A. López-Salcedo and Gonzalo Seco-Granados Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Sat Dec 23 05:41:10 2023 CET ModDate: Sat Dec 23 05:44:49 2023 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1240734 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- OFHKXH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 RXJEGO+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 CUNERU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 SOSCBV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 61 0 AAAAAA+Times-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 90 0 IKFECR+SFTT1000 Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 98 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 181 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 185 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 212 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 234 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 251 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 274 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 298 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 319 0 Helvetica Type 1 WinAnsi no no no 340 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-05-15 02:42:23 CEST RepresentationInformation: EngPro_a2023v54n1p29.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-14 15:44:01 CEST Size: 1240734 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 449 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: SDR Evaluation Platform Based on BladeRF Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Hardware Description Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Platform Architecture Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Platform Configuration Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results with Real Datasets Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: E1-E6 Code Phase Delay Comparison Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: E1-E6 Doppler Frequency Comparison Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Conclusions and Further Work Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: E1-E6 SDR Platform Based on BladeRF for Testing Galileo-Assisted Commercial Authentication Service Author: Rafael Terris-Gallego, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, José A. López-Salcedo and Gonzalo Seco-Granados Subject: To enhance the robustness of the GNSS against malicious attacks (e.g., spoofing), the European Galileo is working on new services, like OSNMA, which provides authentication on the navigation bits, or CAS, which aims to encrypt the spreading code chips. An assisted mode of the latter, named ACAS, is currently under definition by the Galileo program. It uses the TESLA keys provided by OSNMA on the E1-B signal to re-encrypt some fragments of the encrypted E6-C signal, known as RECSs, that are made available in the GSC. Once downloaded by a compatible receiver, they can be decrypted using the corresponding key and used to perform the correlation with the broadcasted E6-C signal. If that results in a correlation peak, the signal can be authenticated under certain circumstances. However, the probability of detecting this peak depends on the length of these fragments and their periodicity, since they are only provided for certain predefined instants. Indeed, if the receiver relies solely on E6-C signal and has no accurate time reference, this probability is severely degraded. This is why the nominal operating mode proposed for ACAS is to use the estimates provided by E1-B to reduce the uncertainty on the E6-C signal, so that the receiver can know precisely where these fragments are located. In the context of the PAULA project, we have developed a low-cost hardware platform based on bladeRF that allows acquiring both E1-B and E6-C samples synchronously. In this paper, we describe how to set up this platform and we characterise the alignment between the E1-B and E6-C estimates (code phase and Doppler frequency) using the real datasets obtained with such a platform, which is of key importance for the ACAS nominal mode. The results confirm the convenience of using the estimates from the E1-B signal for ACAS. Keywords: GNSS; Galileo; ACAS; authentication; acquisition; snapshot; SDR; bladeRF; E1-B; E6-C Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Sat Dec 23 05:41:10 CET 2023 ModDate: Sat Dec 23 05:44:49 CET 2023 ID: 0x9d5e51ea5a31a9f5725ec1b8997bde72, 0x9d5e51ea5a31a9f5725ec1b8997bde72 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: RXJEGO+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: RXJEGO+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: IKFECR+SFTT1000 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: IKFECR+SFTT1000 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -208, -360, 1374, 838 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CUNERU+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 151 FontDescriptor: FontName: CUNERU+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic 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