950fa08a14453d62c6017b3e5cee3f96 EngProc_a2023v54n1p27.pdf a31f82f0fb95e1054b0024604e78c6d8783bd1e7 EngProc_a2023v54n1p27.pdf dd2a103a7eb0d439503009d937f2458cd08576e18e2356723b533ed1d756f475 EngProc_a2023v54n1p27.pdf Title: Beamforming Techniques for Resilient Navigation with Small Antenna Arrays Subject: This paper presents a comparative benchmarking of different beamforming techniques for robust multipath and spoofing mitigation in handheld receivers equipped with a small number of antenna elements. In the field of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), multipath and spoofing have become major sources of signal degradation, whereby the presence of closely spaced replicas of the signal of interest hampers the receiver's performance. Spatial filtering through the use of antenna arrays is one appealing approach to combat these effects. However, the upward trend in device miniaturization poses a serious concern for spatial filtering in handheld devices such as tablets or smartphones, particularly for the case of decimeter-wave signals such as in GNSSs. The terminal size constraints lead to deploying arrays with very few antennas, thus degrading the mitigation performance of the above impairments. This work explores the feasibility of performing robust multipath and spoofing mitigation in GNSS receivers with antenna arrays of very small sizes. Simulation results on four-antenna rectangular and two-antenna linear array distributions are provided, showing that the reduction in array size can be counteracted by the use of advanced beamformers. Keywords: array processing; beamforming; handheld; multipath mitigation; spatial filtering; spoofing mitigation Author: Lucía Pallarés-Rodríguez, Sergi Locubiche-Serra, Guillem Foreman-Campins, Gonzalo Seco-Granados and José A. López-Salcedo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Dec 12 02:15:13 2023 CET ModDate: Tue Dec 12 02:17:22 2023 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 335995 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IIRXOD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 OKJTJT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 JHBLVI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 KDZWRK+CMBSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 MCCKRK+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 55 0 HTAOSA+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 59 0 EFMFSE+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 63 0 SOSTRQ+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 67 0 QQXUPP+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 LSUQBE+MSBM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 75 0 IVDLRL+PazoMath-BoldItalic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 85 0 SCRERS+PazoMath-Bold Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 89 0 TGOXOZ+Helvetica-Oblique Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 102 0 FEIMTL+Helvetica Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 105 0 TGOXOZ+Helvetica-Oblique Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 ZBBQBD+Helvetica Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 TGOXOZ+Helvetica-Oblique Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 126 0 FEIMTL+Helvetica Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 TGOXOZ+Helvetica-Oblique Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 135 0 ZBBQBD+Helvetica Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 138 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-05-22 02:41:03 CEST RepresentationInformation: EngProc_a2023v54n1p27.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-21 15:09:07 CEST Size: 335995 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 218 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Fundamentals of Array Processing Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Signal Model Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: The Beamforming Principle Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Selected Beamforming Techniques Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Phased Array Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Capon Beamformer Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Beamformer Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: LMMSE Capon Hybrid Beamformer Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Power-Based Capon Beamformer Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Performance Analysis Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Urban Scenario Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Suburban Scenario Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Beamforming Techniques for Resilient Navigation with Small Antenna Arrays Author: Lucía Pallarés-Rodríguez, Sergi Locubiche-Serra, Guillem Foreman-Campins, Gonzalo Seco-Granados and José A. López-Salcedo Subject: This paper presents a comparative benchmarking of different beamforming techniques for robust multipath and spoofing mitigation in handheld receivers equipped with a small number of antenna elements. In the field of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), multipath and spoofing have become major sources of signal degradation, whereby the presence of closely spaced replicas of the signal of interest hampers the receiver's performance. Spatial filtering through the use of antenna arrays is one appealing approach to combat these effects. However, the upward trend in device miniaturization poses a serious concern for spatial filtering in handheld devices such as tablets or smartphones, particularly for the case of decimeter-wave signals such as in GNSSs. The terminal size constraints lead to deploying arrays with very few antennas, thus degrading the mitigation performance of the above impairments. This work explores the feasibility of performing robust multipath and spoofing mitigation in GNSS receivers with antenna arrays of very small sizes. Simulation results on four-antenna rectangular and two-antenna linear array distributions are provided, showing that the reduction in array size can be counteracted by the use of advanced beamformers. Keywords: array processing; beamforming; handheld; multipath mitigation; spatial filtering; spoofing mitigation Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Dec 12 02:15:13 CET 2023 ModDate: Tue Dec 12 02:17:22 CET 2023 ID: 0x02382671c7099deb59439187f7ffc202, 0x02382671c7099deb59439187f7ffc202 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: JHBLVI+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 45 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: JHBLVI+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: SOSTRQ+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 93 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOSTRQ+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: IVDLRL+PazoMath-BoldItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 107 LastChar: 107 FontDescriptor: FontName: IVDLRL+PazoMath-BoldItalic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -64, -272, 868, 740 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: KDZWRK+CMBSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 3 FontDescriptor: FontName: KDZWRK+CMBSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -26, -940, 1332, 825 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: QQXUPP+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 229 LastChar: 229 FontDescriptor: FontName: QQXUPP+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: MCCKRK+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 3 FontDescriptor: FontName: MCCKRK+CMEX10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -24, -2960, 1454, 772 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: SCRERS+PazoMath-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 71 LastChar: 71 FontDescriptor: FontName: SCRERS+PazoMath-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -10, -266, 829, 695 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: IIRXOD+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: IIRXOD+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: HTAOSA+PazoMath-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 97 LastChar: 116 FontDescriptor: FontName: HTAOSA+PazoMath-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: LSUQBE+MSBM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 67 LastChar: 67 FontDescriptor: FontName: LSUQBE+MSBM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -55, -420, 2343, 920 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: OKJTJT+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: OKJTJT+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: EFMFSE+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 50 FontDescriptor: FontName: EFMFSE+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 92, 255, 152, 264 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 244, 111, 252 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 147, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 237, 241, 246 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 237, 249, 246 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 99, 361, 108 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 74, 514, 83 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 115, 17, 263, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 341, 87, 360 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 376, 710, 383, 719 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 698, 249, 707 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 685, 485, 694 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 673, 237, 682 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 534, 585, 541, 594 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 585, 556, 594 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 560, 512, 569 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 560, 524, 569 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 497, 253, 506 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 497, 265, 506 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 178, 175, 191 ActionDest: 52 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 116, 270, 128 ActionDest: 52 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 684, 278, 696 ActionDest: 52 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 684, 313, 696 ActionDest: 79 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 684, 450, 696 ActionDest: 79 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 584, 215, 596 ActionDest: 52 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 424, 294, 436 ActionDest: 93 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 402, 386, 411 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 402, 540, 411 ActionDest: 144 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 647, 467, 656 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 506, 554, 515 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 322, 222, 331 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 151, 373, 160 ActionDest: 141 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 657, 265, 671 ActionDest: 82 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 610, 261, 619 ActionDest: 79 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 254, 225, 266 ActionDest: 96 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 552, 276, 559, 287 ActionDest: 108 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 337, 230, 349 ActionDest: 120 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 337, 260, 349 ActionDest: 120 Page: Sequence: 8 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 308, 470, 319 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 274, 500, 285 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 216, 452, 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 193, 335, 204 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 171, 168, 181 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 147, 406, 158 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 113, 540, 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 90, 519, 101 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 67, 292, 78 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 172, 688, 209, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 163, 665, 200, 675 Checksum: 00fe6d98 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 950fa08a14453d62c6017b3e5cee3f96 Type: MD5 Checksum: a31f82f0fb95e1054b0024604e78c6d8783bd1e7 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: dd2a103a7eb0d439503009d937f2458cd08576e18e2356723b533ed1d756f475 Type: SHA-256