fc32170cde9aca95c4e07e28e4f5d66b TMID_a2024v9n98.pdf fd7d7d7bbae9ab93afd679599cba991197f8e785 TMID_a2024v9n98.pdf b4099a4f9688f6ad5b72719469b33674ad76bd1c69d16115a5a9c9a8960b7f43 TMID_a2024v9n98.pdf Title: Toxoplasma gondii in a Remote Subsistence Hunting-Based Indigenous Community of the Peruvian Amazon Subject: Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a wide variety range of warm-blooded animals. This study describes the epidemiological scenario of T. gondii in an indigenous community that relies on subsistence hunting in a well-conserved and isolated area of the Peruvian Amazon. The high seropositivity against T. gondii in humans (83.3% IgG and 6.1% IgM), wild mammals (30.45%, 17 species), peri-domestic rodents (10.0% Rattus sp.), and domestic animals (94.1% dogs and 100% cats) indicates the existence of a sylvatic cycle in the community under study. Individual age was found to be positively associated with IgG detection against T. gondii but not with IgM. It is estimated that each family consumed 5.67 infected animals per year with terrestrial species having higher infective rates than arboreal species. The main risk factors included improper handling and cooking of wild meat, poor hygiene practices, and feeding uncooked offal to domestic animals. This scenario results in a continuous process of infection and reinfection within the indigenous community with cats, dogs, and peri-domestic animals becoming infected through the ingestion of infected raw viscera. Our results emphasize the need to promote safe food handling practices and disposal of waste materials from hunted animals in such communities. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; wildlife; wildmeat; bushmeat; indigenous people; One Health;subsistence hunting; Amazon Author: María Fernanda Menajovsky, Johan Espunyes, Gabriela Ulloa, Maritza Calderon, Andrea Diestra, Edith Malaga, Carmen Muñoz, Stephanie Montero, Andres G. Lescano, Meddly L. Santolalla, Oscar Cabezón and Pedro Mayor Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Apr 26 16:41:49 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Apr 26 16:46:52 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1670403 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YWWVQQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 MFEJLN+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 PSOJWE+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 DRIKYH+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 PAQFMH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 ZSGFMJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 ZMZZBL+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 53 0 WTPQBM+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 70 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 84 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-06-01 02:35:20 CEST RepresentationInformation: TMID_a2024v9n98.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-31 13:06:35 CEST Size: 1670403 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 281 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Blood Samples from Animals and Humans Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Laboratory Procedures Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Social Structure, Hunting and Feeding Characteristics as Potential Risk Factors Destination: subsection.2.4 Children: Item: Title: Sociological Data Destination: subsubsection.2.4.1 Item: Title: Hunting Registers and Preference of Wild Meat Consumption Destination: subsubsection.2.4.2 Item: Title: Feeding Behavior Destination: subsubsection.2.4.3 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsection.2.5 Children: Item: Title: Wildlife Destination: subsubsection.2.5.1 Item: Title: Humans Destination: subsubsection.2.5.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Wildlife and Domestic/Peri-Domestic Animals Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Humans Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Risk Factors Destination: subsection.3.3 Children: Item: Title: Sociological Data Destination: subsubsection.3.3.1 Item: Title: Hunting Records Destination: subsubsection.3.3.2 Item: Title: Feeding Behaviors Destination: subsubsection.3.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Toxoplasma gondii in a Remote Subsistence Hunting-Based Indigenous Community of the Peruvian Amazon Author: María Fernanda Menajovsky, Johan Espunyes, Gabriela Ulloa, Maritza Calderon, Andrea Diestra, Edith Malaga, Carmen Muñoz, Stephanie Montero, Andres G. Lescano, Meddly L. Santolalla, Oscar Cabezón and Pedro Mayor Subject: Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a wide variety range of warm-blooded animals. This study describes the epidemiological scenario of T. gondii in an indigenous community that relies on subsistence hunting in a well-conserved and isolated area of the Peruvian Amazon. The high seropositivity against T. gondii in humans (83.3% IgG and 6.1% IgM), wild mammals (30.45%, 17 species), peri-domestic rodents (10.0% Rattus sp.), and domestic animals (94.1% dogs and 100% cats) indicates the existence of a sylvatic cycle in the community under study. Individual age was found to be positively associated with IgG detection against T. gondii but not with IgM. It is estimated that each family consumed 5.67 infected animals per year with terrestrial species having higher infective rates than arboreal species. The main risk factors included improper handling and cooking of wild meat, poor hygiene practices, and feeding uncooked offal to domestic animals. This scenario results in a continuous process of infection and reinfection within the indigenous community with cats, dogs, and peri-domestic animals becoming infected through the ingestion of infected raw viscera. Our results emphasize the need to promote safe food handling practices and disposal of waste materials from hunted animals in such communities. 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