5146afa60bd0ee533837f19afe6debb1 317395.pdf bbbf66fc9289575ce17239f27745dc407a398cf4 317395.pdf 8c4473b32f0fc51b5d02fedd6419ac4e3329d5ebd31eaa3a99fc7011049e75ff 317395.pdf Title: Inflammation: The Link between Neural and Vascular Impairment in the Diabetic Retina and Therapeutic Implications Subject: The etiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is complex, multifactorial and compromises all the elements of the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU). This diabetic complication has a chronic low-grade inflammatory component involving multiple inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules. The diabetic milieu promotes reactive gliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment, which contribute to the disruption of the blood retinal barrier. The understanding and the continuous research of the mechanisms behind the strong inflammatory component of the disease allows the design of new therapeutic strategies to address this unmet medical need. In this context, the aim of this review article is to recapitulate the latest research on the role of inflammation in DR and to discuss the efficacy of currently administered anti-inflammatory treatments and those still under development. Keywords: diabetes; diabetic retinopathy; retina; neurovascular unit; inflammation; cytokine Author: Hugo Ramos, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó and Olga Simó-Servat Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon May 15 15:36:52 2023 CEST ModDate: Mon May 15 15:40:00 2023 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1144385 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- ENXZUH+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 CMFVHJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 DXTYPC+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 JJXHFM+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 FUPUAL+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 CKUPDE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 HQJNFB+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 NIKLFD+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 85 0 NIKLFE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 88 0 NIKLFF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 94 0 NIKLGG+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 97 0 WMQXIJ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 104 0 DCWRCI+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 117 0 NIKLFD+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 131 0 NIKLFE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 134 0 NIKLFF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 140 0 NIKLGG+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 143 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-10-01 03:55:56 CEST RepresentationInformation: 317395.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-30 09:34:48 CEST Size: 1144385 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 539 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Inflammation and Diabetic Retinopathy Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Cells Involved in the Inflammatory Response That Occurs in the Diabetic Retina Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Inflammatory Cytokines and Their Role in DR Development Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Targeting Inflammation in DR Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Anti-Inflammatory Treatments Destination: subsection.3.1 Children: Item: Title: Corticosteroids Destination: subsubsection.3.1.1 Item: Title: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Destination: subsubsection.3.1.2 Item: Title: TNF- Blockade Destination: subsubsection.3.1.3 Item: Title: Blocking Other Specific Inflammatory Mediators Destination: subsubsection.3.1.4 Item: Title: Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Proteins Destination: subsubsection.3.1.5 Item: Title: Antioxidants Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Blockers of the Renin Angiotensin System Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Neurotrophic Factors Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Stem Cell-Based Treatments Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Inflammation: The Link between Neural and Vascular Impairment in the Diabetic Retina and Therapeutic Implications Author: Hugo Ramos, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó and Olga Simó-Servat Subject: The etiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is complex, multifactorial and compromises all the elements of the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU). This diabetic complication has a chronic low-grade inflammatory component involving multiple inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules. The diabetic milieu promotes reactive gliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment, which contribute to the disruption of the blood retinal barrier. The understanding and the continuous research of the mechanisms behind the strong inflammatory component of the disease allows the design of new therapeutic strategies to address this unmet medical need. In this context, the aim of this review article is to recapitulate the latest research on the role of inflammation in DR and to discuss the efficacy of currently administered anti-inflammatory treatments and those still under development. Keywords: diabetes; diabetic retinopathy; retina; neurovascular unit; inflammation; cytokine Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon May 15 15:36:52 CEST 2023 ModDate: Mon May 15 15:40:00 CEST 2023 ID: 0x5e4225c7290ce89606d39a948f12b24c, 0x5e4225c7290ce89606d39a948f12b24c Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: DXTYPC+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: DXTYPC+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DCWRCI+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 70 LastChar: 70 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCWRCI+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: HQJNFB+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: HQJNFB+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: JJXHFM+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: 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