a6efbc9a13c0e9925f72e11119d1a5b1 322349.pdf 9db6328d3b5f47f724c8b0ecabc1177a2d841ee7 322349.pdf bdc7daf98148b78766812e2a0d2185dd3e65aa67fa2c9d150378c4af8da53e13 322349.pdf Title: The Role of Neurophysiology in Managing Patients with Chiari Malformations Subject: Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) includes various congenital anomalies that share ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils lower than the foramen magnum, in some cases associated with syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. CM1 can cause dysfunction of the brainstem, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. This functional alteration of the nervous system can be detected by various modalities of neurophysiological tests, such as brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electromyography and nerve conduction studies of the cranial nerves and spinal roots, as well as brainstem reflexes. The main goal of this study is to review the findings of multimodal neurophysiological examinations in published studies of patients with CM1 and their indication in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these patients, as well as their utility in intraoperative monitoring. Keywords: blink reflex; brainstem auditory evoked potentials; brainstem reflexes; Chiari type 1 malformation; electromyography; evoked potentials; intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring; motor evoked potentials; somatosensory evoked potentials; syringomyelia Author: Dulce Moncho, Maria A. Poca, Kimia Rahnama, M. Ángeles Sánchez Roldán, Daniela Santa-Cruz and Juan Sahuquillo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Oct 12 03:11:24 2023 CEST ModDate: Fri Oct 13 08:23:02 2023 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 43 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2592357 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- HKBJPQ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 VOQEDS+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 SHGIDU+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 QXXCQT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 CBKAWJ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 XPUSBJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 BSDWLC+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold 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APVWBW+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 371 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-12-06 03:07:55 CET RepresentationInformation: 322349.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-12-05 10:16:43 CET Size: 2592357 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 862 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Exploring Brainstem and Spinal Cord Functionality Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs) Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Motor Evoked Potentials Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Brainstem Reflexes Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Neurophysiological Limitations in the Developing Central Nervous System Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Follow-Up Neurophysiological Studies in Patients with CM1 Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: Motor Evoked Potentials Destination: subsection.5.3 Item: Title: NCS, EMG, and Other Peripheral Nerve Studies Destination: subsection.5.4 Item: Title: Brainstem Reflexes Destination: subsection.5.5 Item: Title: Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in CM1 Destination: section.6 Children: Item: Title: Posterior Fossa Surgery Destination: subsection.6.1 Item: Title: Surgery for the Direct Treatment of Syringomyelia in MC1 Destination: subsection.6.2 Item: Title: CM1 in Scoliosis Surgery Destination: subsection.6.3 Item: Title: Exploratory Research on the Subject Destination: subsection.6.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: References Destination: section.8 Info: Title: The Role of Neurophysiology in Managing Patients with Chiari Malformations Author: Dulce Moncho, Maria A. Poca, Kimia Rahnama, M. Ángeles Sánchez Roldán, Daniela Santa-Cruz and Juan Sahuquillo Subject: Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) includes various congenital anomalies that share ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils lower than the foramen magnum, in some cases associated with syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. CM1 can cause dysfunction of the brainstem, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. This functional alteration of the nervous system can be detected by various modalities of neurophysiological tests, such as brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electromyography and nerve conduction studies of the cranial nerves and spinal roots, as well as brainstem reflexes. The main goal of this study is to review the findings of multimodal neurophysiological examinations in published studies of patients with CM1 and their indication in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these patients, as well as their utility in intraoperative monitoring. 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