a64477f935b9dcbb23734773c7c0378d pmc_10136342.pdf e2bcc5440f0f1d54a14a560c42dc31e2ed14a4a3 pmc_10136342.pdf 5d4aa3128727547a23ca03d40e8c685b67d4f89e9c166b52de9923cd991e808f pmc_10136342.pdf Title: Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disease, and COVID-19: A Narrative Review Subject: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative process that mainly occurs in large- and medium-sized arteries and is morphologically characterized by asymmetric focal thickenings of the innermost layer of the artery, the intima. This process is the basis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the most common cause of death worldwide. Some studies suggest a bidirectional link between atherosclerosis and the consequent CVD with COVID-19. The aims of this narrative review are (1) to provide an overview of the most recent studies that point out a bidirectional relation between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis and (2) to summarize the impact of cardiovascular drugs on COVID-19 outcomes. A growing body of evidence shows that COVID-19 prognosis in individuals with CVD is worse compared with those without. Moreover, various studies have reported the emergence of newly diagnosed patients with CVD after COVID-19. The most common treatments for CVD may influence COVID-19 outcomes. Thus, their implication in the infection process is briefly discussed in this review. A better understanding of the link among atherosclerosis, CVD, and COVID-19 could proactively identify risk factors and, as a result, develop strategies to improve the prognosis for these patients. Keywords: COVID-19; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; long COVID; bidirectional link; cardiovascular disease treatments Author: Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Maria Giner-Soriano, Àngela Dominguez, Rosa Morros, Carles Pericas, Dolores Álamo-Junquera, Diana Toledo, Carmen Gallego, Ana Redondo and María Grau Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Apr 19 03:16:34 2023 CEST ModDate: Wed Apr 19 03:39:43 2023 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 546413 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- UQANBU+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 KWVIZY+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 IWRURL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 FHMNAI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 CAPBJQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 EBFBTV+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 CKBPVA+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 NDLPMJ+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 82 0 NDLPMK+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 85 0 NDLPML+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 91 0 NDLPMN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 94 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-08-05 02:24:16 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_10136342.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-08-01 02:34:19 CEST Size: 546413 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 463 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Atherosclerosis and CVD as COVID-19 Risk Factors Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: COVID-19 as a Risk Factor of Atherosclerosis or CVD Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes of COVID-19 Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: How the Most Common Treatments for CVD Prevention Influence SARS-CoV-2 Infection Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: ACEIs and ARBs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Statins Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Anticoagulants and Aspirin Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Summary and Future Research Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Info: Title: Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disease, and COVID-19: A Narrative Review Author: Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Maria Giner-Soriano, Àngela Dominguez, Rosa Morros, Carles Pericas, Dolores Álamo-Junquera, Diana Toledo, Carmen Gallego, Ana Redondo and María Grau Subject: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative process that mainly occurs in large- and medium-sized arteries and is morphologically characterized by asymmetric focal thickenings of the innermost layer of the artery, the intima. This process is the basis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the most common cause of death worldwide. Some studies suggest a bidirectional link between atherosclerosis and the consequent CVD with COVID-19. The aims of this narrative review are (1) to provide an overview of the most recent studies that point out a bidirectional relation between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis and (2) to summarize the impact of cardiovascular drugs on COVID-19 outcomes. A growing body of evidence shows that COVID-19 prognosis in individuals with CVD is worse compared with those without. Moreover, various studies have reported the emergence of newly diagnosed patients with CVD after COVID-19. The most common treatments for CVD may influence COVID-19 outcomes. Thus, their implication in the infection process is briefly discussed in this review. A better understanding of the link among atherosclerosis, CVD, and COVID-19 could proactively identify risk factors and, as a result, develop strategies to improve the prognosis for these patients. 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