2e084df1031ee0b8d2ca095047c2a4c6 pmc_10221585.pdf 0e75b47a796a4fafc86a0690c1e90aac3bfac9a5 pmc_10221585.pdf 7cea1244e7f050fa0da8465b6de6d67835afcfc7793bc9d11eb26418ae4461a6 pmc_10221585.pdf Title: Conditioning by a Previous Experience Impairs the Rewarding Value of a Comfort Meal Subject: Background. Meal ingestion induces a postprandial experience that involves homeostatic and hedonic sensations. Our aim was to determine the effect of aversive conditioning on the postprandial reward of a comfort meal. Methods: A sham-controlled, randomised, parallel, single-blind study was performed on 12 healthy women (6 per group). A comfort meal was tested before and after coupling the meal with an aversive sensation (conditioning intervention), induced by infusion of lipids via a thin naso-duodenal catheter; in the pre- and post-conditioning tests and in the control group, a sham infusion was performed. Participants were instructed that two recipes of a tasty humus would be tested; however, the same meal was administered with a colour additive in the conditioning and post-conditioning tests. Digestive well-being (primary outcome) was measured every 10 min before and 60 min after ingestion using graded scales. Results: In the aversive conditioning group, the comfort meal in the pre-conditioning test induced a pleasant postprandial experience, which was significantly lower in the post-conditioning test; the effect of aversive conditioning (change from pre- to post-conditioning) was significant as compared to sham conditioning in the control group, which showed no differences between study days. Conclusion: The hedonic postprandial response to a comfort meal in healthy women is impaired by aversive conditioning. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04938934. Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning; aversive conditioning; eating behaviour; digestive sensations; postprandial symptoms; digestive well-being; food valence Author: Adoracion Nieto, Dan M. Livovsky and Fernando Azpiroz Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue May 9 14:05:16 2023 CEST ModDate: Tue May 9 14:08:52 2023 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1284329 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QKJNGT+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 AGVVMC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 WBRURT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 FGUDRR+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 HGMNRX+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 42 0 NPMLND+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 70 0 NPMLNE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 73 0 NPMLNF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 79 0 NPMLNH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 82 0 NPMMKE+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 85 0 XEYJZU+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 92 0 NPMLND+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 105 0 NPMLNE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 108 0 NPMLNF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 NPMLNH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 NPMMKE+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 120 0 NPMLND+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 130 0 NPMLNE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 133 0 NPMLNF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 139 0 NPMLNH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 142 0 NPMMKE+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 145 0 NPMLND+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 156 0 NPMLNE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 159 0 NPMLNF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 165 0 NPMLNH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 168 0 NPMMKE+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 171 0 NPMLND+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 185 0 NPMLNE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 188 0 NPMLNF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 194 0 NPMLNH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 197 0 NPMMKE+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 200 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-11-23 02:35:25 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_10221585.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-09-16 02:17:26 CEST Size: 1284329 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 371 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Item: Title: Material and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Children: Item: Title: Experimental Design Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6121c9d6 Item: Title: Participants Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@87f383f Item: Title: Experimental Paradigm Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4eb7f003 Item: Title: General Procedure Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@eafc191 Item: Title: Interventions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612fc6eb Children: Item: Title: Probe Meal Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1060b431 Item: Title: Duodenal Infusion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612679d6 Item: Title: Outcomes Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@11758f2a Children: Item: Title: Perception of Homeostatic and Hedonic Sensations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@e720b71 Item: Title: Physiological Parameters Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1b26f7b2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@491cc5c9 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@74ad1f1f Children: Item: Title: Demographics Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6a1aab78 Item: Title: Responses to the Probe Meal before Conditioning (Study Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@462d5aee Item: Title: Effect of Aversive Stimulation (Study Day 2 vs. Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@69b0fd6f Item: Title: Effect of Conditioning (Study Day 3 vs. Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@757942a1 Item: Title: Physiological Parameters Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4a87761d Children: Item: Title: Responses to the Probe Meal before Conditioning (Study Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@66d1af89 Item: Title: Effect of Aversive Stimulation (Study Day 2 vs. Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@8646db9 Item: Title: Effect of Conditioning (Study Day 3 vs. Day 1) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@37374a5e Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4671e53b Item: Title: Limitations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@2db7a79b Item: Title: Conclusions and Inferences Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6950e31 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@b7dd107 Info: Title: Conditioning by a Previous Experience Impairs the Rewarding Value of a Comfort Meal Author: Adoracion Nieto, Dan M. Livovsky and Fernando Azpiroz Subject: Background. Meal ingestion induces a postprandial experience that involves homeostatic and hedonic sensations. Our aim was to determine the effect of aversive conditioning on the postprandial reward of a comfort meal. Methods: A sham-controlled, randomised, parallel, single-blind study was performed on 12 healthy women (6 per group). A comfort meal was tested before and after coupling the meal with an aversive sensation (conditioning intervention), induced by infusion of lipids via a thin naso-duodenal catheter; in the pre- and post-conditioning tests and in the control group, a sham infusion was performed. Participants were instructed that two recipes of a tasty humus would be tested; however, the same meal was administered with a colour additive in the conditioning and post-conditioning tests. Digestive well-being (primary outcome) was measured every 10 min before and 60 min after ingestion using graded scales. Results: In the aversive conditioning group, the comfort meal in the pre-conditioning test induced a pleasant postprandial experience, which was significantly lower in the post-conditioning test; the effect of aversive conditioning (change from pre- to post-conditioning) was significant as compared to sham conditioning in the control group, which showed no differences between study days. Conclusion: The hedonic postprandial response to a comfort meal in healthy women is impaired by aversive conditioning. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04938934. Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning; aversive conditioning; eating behaviour; digestive sensations; postprandial symptoms; digestive well-being; food valence Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue May 09 14:05:16 CEST 2023 ModDate: Tue May 09 14:08:52 CEST 2023 ID: 0xb622a821575fc837ce821cc5521907c6, 0xb622a821575fc837ce821cc5521907c6 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: WBRURT+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: WBRURT+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: FGUDRR+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 145 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: FGUDRR+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QKJNGT+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 134 FontDescriptor: FontName: QKJNGT+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: XEYJZU+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 20 FontDescriptor: FontName: XEYJZU+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: AGVVMC+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: AGVVMC+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 112, 317, 152, 326 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 305, 126, 314 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 169, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 662, 258, 676 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 662, 399, 676 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 197, 304, 206 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 160, 342, 169 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 97, 546, 106 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 97, 556, 106 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 120, 17, 254, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 378, 87, 397 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 509, 723, 516, 732 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 541, 635, 548, 644 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 548, 635, 555, 644 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 455, 244, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 370, 415, 379 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 207, 275, 216 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 194, 517, 203 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 695, 206, 707 ActionDest: 64 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 632, 206, 644 ActionDest: 64 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 61, 303, 73 ActionDest: 64 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 415, 298, 427 ActionDest: 64 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 112, 317, 124 ActionDest: 64 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 90, 274, 99 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 90, 289, 99 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 77, 298, 86 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 77, 310, 86 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 65, 376, 74 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 65, 389, 74 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 692, 424, 704 ActionDest: 64 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 682, 531, 691 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 682, 543, 691 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 569, 444, 578 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 532, 373, 541 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 692, 429, 704 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 692, 456, 704 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 57, 259, 69 ActionDest: 150 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 720, 393, 732 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 720, 420, 732 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 183, 239, 195 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 183, 266, 195 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 94, 248, 106 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 94, 278, 106 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 94, 522, 106 ActionDest: 150 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 645, 481, 657 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 645, 508, 657 ActionDest: 124 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 692, 277, 704 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 692, 303, 704 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 692, 529, 704 ActionDest: 150 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 504, 376, 516 ActionDest: 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 504, 403, 516 ActionDest: 124 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 339, 283, 351 ActionDest: 179 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 373, 239, 380, 251 ActionDest: 179 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 188, 326, 200 ActionDest: 179 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 101, 447, 110 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 76, 537, 85 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 64, 223, 72 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 63, 236, 72 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 610, 230, 619 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 572, 263, 581 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 572, 276, 581 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 560, 431, 569 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 535, 234, 544 ActionDest: 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 522, 269, 531 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 472, 555, 481 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 422, 354, 431 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 384, 519, 393 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 296, 273, 305 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 296, 285, 305 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 195, 509, 204 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 195, 522, 204 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 195, 534, 204 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 735, 535, 744 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 635, 218, 644 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 420, 236, 431 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 473, 289, 510, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 289, 552, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 278, 557, 289 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 267, 95, 277 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 243, 486, 254 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 243, 529, 254 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 210, 96, 220 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 174, 257, 185 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 152, 146, 162 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 128, 264, 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 105, 380, 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 82, 393, 93 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 59, 362, 70 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 733, 557, 744 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 722, 95, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 687, 399, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 687, 441, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 665, 164, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 170, 665, 206, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 641, 402, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 618, 264, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 595, 310, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 572, 557, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 549, 400, 560 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 526, 454, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 491, 278, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 468, 429, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 468, 471, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 445, 500, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 445, 542, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 423, 260, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 423, 302, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 389, 193, 399 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 389, 235, 399 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 376, 540, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 308, 96, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 285, 96, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 273, 505, 284 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 251, 133, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 227, 372, 238 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 205, 133, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 139, 205, 175, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 181, 261, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 181, 304, 192 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 164, 159, 201, 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 159, 244, 169 Checksum: 7eaf0b5d Type: CRC32 Checksum: 2e084df1031ee0b8d2ca095047c2a4c6 Type: MD5 Checksum: 0e75b47a796a4fafc86a0690c1e90aac3bfac9a5 Type: SHA-1