a613fbaa923f0b99379cc68332768914 pmc_10249008.pdf a817bc3d62842fecb5998a97506cfece57a2e417 pmc_10249008.pdf d5dfc6891f9e165173d1b796f1489360531127bc69befc94966c589276d5c7e6 pmc_10249008.pdf Title: Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study Subject: COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations. Keywords: COVID-19; social impact; lockdown; mental health; inequities; self-perceived health Author: Carmen Salas Quijada, Natalia López-Contreras, Tomás López-Jiménez, Laura Medina-Perucha, Brenda Biaani León-Gómez, Andrés Peralta, Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras, Anna Berenguera, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Olivia Janett Horna-Campos, Marinella Mazzei, Maria Sol Anigstein, Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa, Olga Bardales-Mendoza, Joan Benach, Daiane Borges Machado, Ana Lucía Torres Castillo and Constanza Jacques-Aviñó Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Jun 8 04:33:24 2023 CEST ModDate: Thu Jun 8 08:07:49 2023 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1163647 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DGBDNV+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 EWZHMZ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 BUEOET+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 LOFCCT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 YHRKNO+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 LWQXII+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 83 0 PXTEMV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 87 0 JBTTSN+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 140 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-11-17 02:35:49 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_10249008.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-11-14 02:22:52 CET Size: 1163647 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 369 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Children: Item: Title: Brief Socio-Sanitary Context Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Children: Item: Title: Brazil Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6121c9d6 Item: Title: Chile Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@87f383f Item: Title: Ecuador Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4eb7f003 Item: Title: Mexico Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@eafc191 Item: Title: Peru Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612fc6eb Item: Title: Spain Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1060b431 Item: Title: Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health Problems Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612679d6 Item: Title: Research Question and Objective Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@11758f2a Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@e720b71 Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Data Source Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1b26f7b2 Item: Title: Sampling Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@491cc5c9 Item: Title: Variables Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@74ad1f1f Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6a1aab78 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@462d5aee Children: Item: Title: Self-Perceived Health (SPH) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@69b0fd6f Item: Title: Mental Health: Anxiety and Depression Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@757942a1 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4a87761d Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@66d1af89 Item: Title: Appendix A Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@8646db9 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@37374a5e Info: Title: Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study Author: Carmen Salas Quijada, Natalia López-Contreras, Tomás López-Jiménez, Laura Medina-Perucha, Brenda Biaani León-Gómez, Andrés Peralta, Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras, Anna Berenguera, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Olivia Janett Horna-Campos, Marinella Mazzei, Maria Sol Anigstein, Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa, Olga Bardales-Mendoza, Joan Benach, Daiane Borges Machado, Ana Lucía Torres Castillo and Constanza Jacques-Aviñó Subject: COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations. 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