74f42241c6f3449c48a0f8dc9c64ba8d  pmc_10252725.pdf
beff191afae5a3d9084d0ba01bef4c1fdfcd2564  pmc_10252725.pdf
4f979c1b9d9042ab50808020397e08f37e345939829f4b203e4115b336235f72  pmc_10252725.pdf

Title:           Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws
Subject:         Smokefree laws are intended to protect against second-hand smoke (SHS) in outdoor areas. We examined if exposure to PM2.5 particles in outdoor smoking areas changed breathing rates in 60 patients with asthma (n = 30) or with COPD (n = 30), in an open, non-randomised, interventional study model in Czechia, Ireland and Spain. The patients wore a PM2.5 particle monitor (AirSpeck) and a breath monitor (RESpeck) for 24 h to determine changes in breathing rates (Br) at rest and during a visit to an outside smoking area. Spirometry and breath CO were measured before and the day after visiting an outdoor smoking area. The PM2.5 levels at the 60 venues were highly variable, ranging from 2000 g/m3 (in 4 premises) to 10 g/m3 (in 3 premises, which had only a single wall in the structure). At 39 venues, the mean PM 2.5 levels were 25 g/m3. The breathing rate changed significantly in 57 of the 60 patients, resulting in an increase in some patients and a decrease in others. Comprehensive smokefree laws were ineffective in protecting asthma and COPD patients from exposure to high levels of SHS in outside areas of pubs and terraces, which should be avoided by these patients. These findings also support the extension of smokefree laws to outside areas.
Keywords:        smokefree laws; COPD; asthma; particle exposure; sensors; outside areas
Author:          Sheila Keogan, Tamara Alonso, Salome Sunday, Joan Hanafin, Olena Tigova, Esteve Fernandez, Maria Jose Lopez, Silvano Gallus, Sean Semple, Anna Tzortzi, Roberto Boffi, Giuseppe Gorini, Angel Lopez-Nicolas, D. K. Arvind, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Joan B. Soriano and Luke Clancy
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 Date: 2024-05-03 02:40:48 CEST
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     Item: 
      Title: Introduction 
      Destination: section.1
     Item: 
      Title: Methods 
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      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Ethics 
        Destination: subsection.2.1
       Item: 
        Title: Recruitment 
        Destination: subsection.2.2
       Item: 
        Title: Group Assignment 
        Destination: subsection.2.3
       Item: 
        Title: Details of the Intervention 
        Destination: subsection.2.4
       Item: 
        Title: Patients, Protocol and Training 
        Destination: subsection.2.5
       Item: 
        Title: Venues 
        Destination: subsection.2.6
       Item: 
        Title: Measurements 
        Destination: subsection.2.7
       Item: 
        Title: Statistical Analysis 
        Destination: subsection.2.8
     Item: 
      Title: Results 
      Destination: section.3
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Exposure Levels 
        Destination: subsection.3.1
       Item: 
        Title: Respiratory Responses 
        Destination: subsection.3.2
     Item: 
      Title: Discussion 
      Destination: section.4
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusions 
      Destination: section.5
     Item: 
      Title: References
      Destination: section.A.
   Info: 
    Title: Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws
    Author: Sheila Keogan, Tamara Alonso, Salome Sunday, Joan Hanafin, Olena Tigova, Esteve Fernandez, Maria Jose Lopez, Silvano Gallus, Sean Semple, Anna Tzortzi, Roberto Boffi, Giuseppe Gorini, Angel Lopez-Nicolas, D. K. Arvind, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Joan B. Soriano and Luke Clancy
    Subject: Smokefree laws are intended to protect against second-hand smoke (SHS) in outdoor areas. We examined if exposure to PM2.5 particles in outdoor smoking areas changed breathing rates in 60 patients with asthma (n = 30) or with COPD (n = 30), in an open, non-randomised, interventional study model in Czechia, Ireland and Spain. The patients wore a PM2.5 particle monitor (AirSpeck) and a breath monitor (RESpeck) for 24 h to determine changes in breathing rates (Br) at rest and during a visit to an outside smoking area. Spirometry and breath CO were measured before and the day after visiting an outdoor smoking area. The PM2.5 levels at the 60 venues were highly variable, ranging from 2000 g/m3 (in 4 premises) to 10 g/m3 (in 3 premises, which had only a single wall in the structure). At 39 venues, the mean PM 2.5 levels were 25 g/m3. The breathing rate changed significantly in 57 of the 60 patients, resulting in an increase in some patients and a decrease in others. Comprehensive smokefree laws were ineffective in protecting asthma and COPD patients from exposure to high levels of SHS in outside areas of pubs and terraces, which should be avoided by these patients. These findings also support the extension of smokefree laws to outside areas.
    Keywords: smokefree laws; COPD; asthma; particle exposure; sensors; outside areas
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  Checksum: beff191afae5a3d9084d0ba01bef4c1fdfcd2564
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: 4f979c1b9d9042ab50808020397e08f37e345939829f4b203e4115b336235f72
   Type: SHA-256