924949c94af18e5fd95b431d5e3ad37d pmc_10416855.pdf a53325b590cd7eb9820f200ad59372b164e6c55a pmc_10416855.pdf 9f97a02bf7c5a08d0ee8c1a929c26a5a611446778ecc4ef506368eca14c153a1 pmc_10416855.pdf Title: Reducing Stocking Densities and Using Cooling Systems for More Adapted Pigs to High Temperatures When Reared in Intensive Conditions Subject: This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of reducing stocking density and using cooling systems to mitigate the negative effects of high temperatures in growing pigs (females and castrated males) reared in intensive conditions (from 25 to 100 kg) during summer (June to October 2020). The experimental design was a 2 2 factorial where pigs were provided with an evaporative cooling system and/or raised at regular or at lower stocking densities (i.e., 0.68 to 0.80 m2/animal). Treatments were distributed in four different rooms containing sex-balanced pens with either castrated males or females. Temperature and humidity were recorded throughout the experiment, and the temperature–humidity index was calculated. Heat stress (HS) on pigs was measured through changes in animals’ performance, animal-based indicators (dirtiness and activity budget) and physiological indicators (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and hair cortisol). The use of cooling, lowering stocking density and the combination of both strategies had positive effects on pigs’ final body weight (+5 kg, +3 kg, +9 kg, respectively; p < 0.001). The prevalence of dirtiness was similar at the stocking densities tested, and no clear effect of the cooling system was found. Both mitigation strategies lowered the physiological indicators of stress, although only hair cortisone can be considered an indicator of HS. In conclusion, both mitigation strategies are effective in improving pig welfare and performance, especially when both are combined. The severity of the stocking density effect may depend on the severity of the temperature. 12pt Keywords: pigs; heat stress; mitigation strategies; cooling systems; stocking density; animal-based measures; welfare Author: Alexandra Contreras-Jodar, Damián Escribano, José Joaquin Cerón, Marina López-Arjona, Pau Aymerich, Carme Soldevila, Emma Fàbrega and Antoni Dalmau Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Jul 27 09:51:40 2023 CEST ModDate: Thu Jul 27 09:57:01 2023 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1809315 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SYYJVK+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 RJKKUC+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 CQYFXP+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 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WinAnsi yes yes no 247 0 CPGLHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 250 0 CPGMEM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 253 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-02-02 02:33:19 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_10416855.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-02-01 02:45:01 CET Size: 1809315 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 370 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Animals and Treatments Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Thermal Conditions Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Animal-Based Indicators Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Blood and Hair Samples Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Thermal Conditions Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Animal-Based Indicators Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Blood and Hair Samples Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Thermal Conditions Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Animal-Based Indicators Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Blood and Hair Samples Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Sex Effect Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Reducing Stocking Densities and Using Cooling Systems for More Adapted Pigs to High Temperatures When Reared in Intensive Conditions Author: Alexandra Contreras-Jodar, Damián Escribano, José Joaquin Cerón, Marina López-Arjona, Pau Aymerich, Carme Soldevila, Emma Fàbrega and Antoni Dalmau Subject: This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of reducing stocking density and using cooling systems to mitigate the negative effects of high temperatures in growing pigs (females and castrated males) reared in intensive conditions (from 25 to 100 kg) during summer (June to October 2020). The experimental design was a 2 2 factorial where pigs were provided with an evaporative cooling system and/or raised at regular or at lower stocking densities (i.e., 0.68 to 0.80 m2/animal). Treatments were distributed in four different rooms containing sex-balanced pens with either castrated males or females. Temperature and humidity were recorded throughout the experiment, and the temperature humidity index was calculated. Heat stress (HS) on pigs was measured through changes in animals’ performance, animal-based indicators (dirtiness and activity budget) and physiological indicators (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and hair cortisol). The use of cooling, lowering stocking density and the combination of both strategies had positive effects on pigs’ final body weight (+5 kg, +3 kg, +9 kg, respectively; p < 0.001). The prevalence of dirtiness was similar at the stocking densities tested, and no clear effect of the cooling system was found. Both mitigation strategies lowered the physiological indicators of stress, although only hair cortisone can be considered an indicator of HS. In conclusion, both mitigation strategies are effective in improving pig welfare and performance, especially when both are combined. The severity of the stocking density effect may depend on the severity of the temperature. 12pt Keywords: pigs; heat stress; mitigation strategies; cooling systems; stocking density; animal-based measures; welfare Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Jul 27 09:51:40 CEST 2023 ModDate: Thu Jul 27 09:57:01 CEST 2023 ID: 0x901f6fb117c239a39e1611eef0c24f04, 0x901f6fb117c239a39e1611eef0c24f04 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: UJJGOP+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: UJJGOP+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: CQYFXP+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 246 FontDescriptor: FontName: CQYFXP+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KHJYLS+URWPalladioL-Ital 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