93fd634721de21186998b4df07b0c089 pmc_10488125.pdf 67977324f7a4337f190e303d254084276acf714f pmc_10488125.pdf 35cf34480a6b72ecebbf8f5a8c048403e12e05ba0ab00e962f0acd9d6c1387a2 pmc_10488125.pdf Title: Effects of Road Dust Particle Size on Mineralogy, Chemical Bulk Content, Pollution and Health Risk Analyses Subject: Because of the rising environmental and health concerns associated with atmospheric pollution caused by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), several road dust studies have been performed across the world in recent decades. This paper illustrates the effects of particle size on the PTE contents, mineralogical composition, environmental pollution and health risk assessments in road dust from Barcelona (Spain). The samples were sieved into five size fractions ranging from <45 to 500–800 m. Although the major mineral contents (tectosilicates, phyllosilicates, and carbonates) were profuse in all fractions, the identified inhalable PTE particles (e.g., Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and REE), with size < 10 m, were more pervasive in the finest fraction (<45 m). This is consistent with the concentrations measured: the finest fractions were richer in PTEs than the coarser ones, resulting in a direct correlation with the enrichment factor (EFx), geo-accumulation (Igeo), and non-carcinogenic (HI) and carcinogenic (CRI) values. Igeo and EFx values can be appropriate tracers for some common elements (e.g., Zn, Sb, Sn, Cu, and Cr), but they do not seem adequate for anthropogenic particles accumulated at concentrations similar to the geogenic background. Overall, the HI and CRI values obtained in Barcelona were acceptable, reflecting no serious health impacts in the study area, except for Cr. Our results suggest that fine dust particles are a more suitable fraction to conduct pollution and health risk assessments than coarser ones, although the EFx, Igeo, HI, and CRI threshold values should be redefined in the future to include all emergent pollutants as well. In summary, monitoring programs should include at least the road dust evaluation of <45 m particles, which can be performed with a simple sieving method, which is both time- and cost-effective. Keywords: road dust; size fractions; potentially toxic elements; pollution; health risk Author: Dídac Navarro-Ciurana, Mercè Corbella and Daniel Meroño Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Aug 30 11:09:34 2023 CEST ModDate: Wed Aug 30 11:18:38 2023 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 26 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 11521332 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KORLVE+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 PNCBPL+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 15 0 JAGINL+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 VYIPZV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 QIQDSW+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 LMOTSQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 LWQXII+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes 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yes yes yes 481 0 JJANFG+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 487 0 JJANFH+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 493 0 JJANFI+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 499 0 JJANFJ+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 502 0 JJANFK+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 505 0 JJANMJ+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 508 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-02-02 02:33:02 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_10488125.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-09-27 02:18:04 CEST Size: 11521332 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 903 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Sample Sites and Dust Sampling Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Sample Treatment and Mineralogical and Chemical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Pollution Assessment Methodology Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Health Risk Assessment Methodology Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Road Dust Size Distribution Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Road Dust Chemical Composition Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Road Dust Mineral Components Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Evaluation of the Road Dust Pollution Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Health Risk Characterization Destination: subsection.3.5 Children: Item: Title: Exposure Assessment Destination: subsubsection.3.5.1 Item: Title: Non-Carcinogenic Risk of PTEs Destination: subsubsection.3.5.2 Item: Title: Carcinogenic Risk of PTEs Destination: subsubsection.3.5.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Particle Size Effect in Road Dust Geochemical Features Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Mineralogical Composition of Fractionated Road Dust Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Road Dust Pollution Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment Shortcomings Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Towards a Road Dust Fraction Size Standard in Monitoring Programs Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.A. Info: Title: Effects of Road Dust Particle Size on Mineralogy, Chemical Bulk Content, Pollution and Health Risk Analyses Author: Dídac Navarro-Ciurana, Mercè Corbella and Daniel Meroño Subject: Because of the rising environmental and health concerns associated with atmospheric pollution caused by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), several road dust studies have been performed across the world in recent decades. This paper illustrates the effects of particle size on the PTE contents, mineralogical composition, environmental pollution and health risk assessments in road dust from Barcelona (Spain). The samples were sieved into five size fractions ranging from <45 to 500 800 m. Although the major mineral contents (tectosilicates, phyllosilicates, and carbonates) were profuse in all fractions, the identified inhalable PTE particles (e.g., Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and REE), with size < 10 m, were more pervasive in the finest fraction (<45 m). This is consistent with the concentrations measured: the finest fractions were richer in PTEs than the coarser ones, resulting in a direct correlation with the enrichment factor (EFx), geo-accumulation (Igeo), and non-carcinogenic (HI) and carcinogenic (CRI) values. Igeo and EFx values can be appropriate tracers for some common elements (e.g., Zn, Sb, Sn, Cu, and Cr), but they do not seem adequate for anthropogenic particles accumulated at concentrations similar to the geogenic background. Overall, the HI and CRI values obtained in Barcelona were acceptable, reflecting no serious health impacts in the study area, except for Cr. Our results suggest that fine dust particles are a more suitable fraction to conduct pollution and health risk assessments than coarser ones, although the EFx, Igeo, HI, and CRI threshold values should be redefined in the future to include all emergent pollutants as well. In summary, monitoring programs should include at least the road dust evaluation of <45 m particles, which can be performed with a simple sieving method, which is both time- and cost-effective. 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