25b4560a9c485fd5c48646c723de9825 pmc_9916317.pdf 5ff8889a5ee6673f44ed5312f5d7815fbbe5566c pmc_9916317.pdf 748c57c2d15e893554bb44b7218ae9ff0211ed85e301cb8174e915bac6161676 pmc_9916317.pdf Title: The Impact of Urbanization on Urban Heat Island: Predictive Approach Using Google Earth Engine and CA-Markov Modelling (2005–2050) of Tianjin City, China Subject: Urbanization has adverse environmental effects, such as rising surface temperatures. This study analyzes the relationship between the urban heat island (UHI) intensity and Tianjin city’s land cover characteristics. The land use cover change (LUCC) effects on the green areas and the land surface temperature (LST) were also studied. The land cover characteristics were divided into five categories: a built-up area, an agricultural area, a bare area, a forest, and water. The LST was calculated using the thermal bands of spatial images taken from 2005 to 2020. The increase in the built-up area was mainly caused by the agricultural area decreasing by 11.90%. The average land surface temperature of the study area increased from 23.50 to 36.51 C, and the region moved to a high temperature that the built-up area’s temperature increased by 1.5%. Still, the increase in vegetation cover was negative. From 2020 to 2050, the land surface temperature is expected to increase by 9.5 C. The high-temperature areas moved into an aerial distribution, and the direction of urbanization determined their path. Urban heat island mitigation is best achieved through forests and water, and managers of urban areas should avoid developing bare land since they may suffer from degradation. The increase in the land surface temperature caused by the land cover change proves that the site is becoming more urbanized. The findings of this study provide valuable information on the various aspects of urbanization in Tianjin and other regions. In addition, future research should look into the public health issues associated with rapid urbanization. Keywords: land surface temperature; urban heat island; land use cover change; urban planning and development; ecological evaluation; urban system Author: Nadeem Ullah, Muhammad Amir Siddique, Mengyue Ding, Sara Grigoryan, Irshad Ahmad Khan, Zhihao Kang, Shangen Tsou, Tianlin Zhang, Yike Hu and Yazhuo Zhang Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Feb 1 13:53:13 2023 CET ModDate: Wed Feb 1 14:00:56 2023 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 6204226 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- NMTTDO+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 BRCBVE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 OFCVRE+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 TSHTRH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 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TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 262 0 KPNHET+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 280 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2023-12-22 02:31:01 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_9916317.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-04-22 02:23:46 CEST Size: 6204226 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 547 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Acquisition of Spatial Dataset Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Methodology Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) Calculation Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Calculation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: CA-Markov Prediction Model Analysis Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Changes in LUCC between 2005 and 2020 Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Relationship between LUCC and LST Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Variations of LST Changes over Different LUCC Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Validation of Predicted LUCC and LST Scenarios Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Predicted LUCC for 2035 and 2050 Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Limitations of the CA-Markov Model Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: The Impact of Urbanization on Urban Heat Island: Predictive Approach Using Google Earth Engine and CA-Markov Modelling (2005 2050) of Tianjin City, China Author: Nadeem Ullah, Muhammad Amir Siddique, Mengyue Ding, Sara Grigoryan, Irshad Ahmad Khan, Zhihao Kang, Shangen Tsou, Tianlin Zhang, Yike Hu and Yazhuo Zhang Subject: Urbanization has adverse environmental effects, such as rising surface temperatures. This study analyzes the relationship between the urban heat island (UHI) intensity and Tianjin city’s land cover characteristics. The land use cover change (LUCC) effects on the green areas and the land surface temperature (LST) were also studied. The land cover characteristics were divided into five categories: a built-up area, an agricultural area, a bare area, a forest, and water. The LST was calculated using the thermal bands of spatial images taken from 2005 to 2020. The increase in the built-up area was mainly caused by the agricultural area decreasing by 11.90%. The average land surface temperature of the study area increased from 23.50 to 36.51 C, and the region moved to a high temperature that the built-up area’s temperature increased by 1.5%. Still, the increase in vegetation cover was negative. From 2020 to 2050, the land surface temperature is expected to increase by 9.5 C. The high-temperature areas moved into an aerial distribution, and the direction of urbanization determined their path. Urban heat island mitigation is best achieved through forests and water, and managers of urban areas should avoid developing bare land since they may suffer from degradation. The increase in the land surface temperature caused by the land cover change proves that the site is becoming more urbanized. The findings of this study provide valuable information on the various aspects of urbanization in Tianjin and other regions. In addition, future research should look into the public health issues associated with rapid urbanization. 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Checksum: 748c57c2d15e893554bb44b7218ae9ff0211ed85e301cb8174e915bac6161676 Type: SHA-256