4fef344962ea50bb86c0987ac2871eac pmc_9963660.pdf 7ad08d37b168f21e5e219cdde176c054747796ed pmc_9963660.pdf ac51f8f029736fc30556741b0d261a7bd1d1c599a995474b571892af5f7abdf8 pmc_9963660.pdf Title: Relief Modeling in the Restoration of Extractive Activities Using Drone Imagery Subject: In the field of mine engineering, a cross-section topographic survey is usually carried out to perform volumetric calculations of earth movement in order to restore areas affected by extractive activities. Nowadays, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies make it possible to perform the same work by using indirect methods such as images obtained by photogrammetric flights. In this context, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are considered a very convenient option to develop mapping projects in short periods of time and to provide quality geospatial information such as Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and orthophotos of centimetric spatial resolution. In the present study, this approach has been applied in a gravel extraction area to obtain data for estimating the filling volume of material required for the restoration of the relief (DEM(r)). The estimation of the DEM(r) is later used to calculate a difference of height values (DEM(r)-DEM) that will serve as a variable in the basic operation of volume calculation. The novelty of the presented method is the simulation of a relief adapted to the surrounding morphology, including the derived channel network and the visibility impact, improving what would be a simple clogging. Likewise, the generation of 3D models allows visualizing a new morphological structure of the relief. The proposed approach, based on GIS tools, allows analyzing water flow connectivity integration of the DEM(r) with the environment and estimating potential landscape impacts from the main focuses of a visual basin, both of which are key aspects of restoration modeling that are not always properly addressed. Keywords: mines; drones; photogrammetry; interpolation; modeling; DEM; water flow; visual basin Author: Erick Russell, Joan-Cristian Padró, Pau Montero, Cristina Domingo-Marimon and Vicenç Carabassa Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Feb 13 10:59:22 2023 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 13 11:05:18 2023 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 22584771 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- OHKNFJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 GRHFZA+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 CDFRRI+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 TFHORI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 SOZKOC+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 RVSEMT+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes 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GBHNPM+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 244 0 GBHNPI+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 255 0 GBHNPK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 258 0 GBHNPM+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 261 0 SYVAVM+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 276 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2023-12-16 02:30:17 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_9963660.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-09 02:13:46 CET Size: 22584771 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 429 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Study Area, Materials, and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Materials Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Drone Data Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Lidar Data Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: Methods Destination: subsection.2.3 Children: Item: Title: Photogrammetric Flight Destination: subsubsection.2.3.1 Item: Title: Data Processing and Analysis with GIS (I): Exploited Area Boundaries vs.Official Boundaries Destination: subsubsection.2.3.2 Item: Title: Data Processing and Analysis with GIS (II): Generation and Validation of a Restoration Relief Model (DEM(r)) Destination: subsubsection.2.3.3 Item: Title: Data Processing and Analysis with GIS (III): Total Filling Volumetric Calculation Destination: subsubsection.2.3.4 Item: Title: Data Processing and Analysis with GIS (IV): Water Flow Modeling Destination: subsubsection.2.3.5 Item: Title: Data Processing and Analysis with GIS (V): Visual Basin Modeling Destination: subsubsection.2.3.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Volumetric Calculation Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Water Flow Modeling Results Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Visual Basin Modeling Results Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Relief Modeling in the Restoration of Extractive Activities Using Drone Imagery Author: Erick Russell, Joan-Cristian Padró, Pau Montero, Cristina Domingo-Marimon and Vicenç Carabassa Subject: In the field of mine engineering, a cross-section topographic survey is usually carried out to perform volumetric calculations of earth movement in order to restore areas affected by extractive activities. Nowadays, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies make it possible to perform the same work by using indirect methods such as images obtained by photogrammetric flights. In this context, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are considered a very convenient option to develop mapping projects in short periods of time and to provide quality geospatial information such as Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and orthophotos of centimetric spatial resolution. In the present study, this approach has been applied in a gravel extraction area to obtain data for estimating the filling volume of material required for the restoration of the relief (DEM(r)). The estimation of the DEM(r) is later used to calculate a difference of height values (DEM(r)-DEM) that will serve as a variable in the basic operation of volume calculation. The novelty of the presented method is the simulation of a relief adapted to the surrounding morphology, including the derived channel network and the visibility impact, improving what would be a simple clogging. Likewise, the generation of 3D models allows visualizing a new morphological structure of the relief. The proposed approach, based on GIS tools, allows analyzing water flow connectivity integration of the DEM(r) with the environment and estimating potential landscape impacts from the main focuses of a visual basin, both of which are key aspects of restoration modeling that are not always properly addressed. 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