b99d45cad9d37392521cc86c6bd2f666 pmc_9976971.pdf 03bb22ac6d24b7ed0032e9731341ad01d61fb591 pmc_9976971.pdf 4e805d18ba6d7f0c77a84cfdbdd016b2e4faae9a36915493b6b562caeaee24dc pmc_9976971.pdf Title: In vivo reduction of age-dependent neuromelanin accumulation mitigates features of Parkinson’s disease Subject: DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac445; Brain, 146, 3, 2023-01-30.; Abstract: Humans accumulate with age the dark-brown pigment neuromelanin inside specific neuronal groups. Neurons with the highest neuromelanin levels are particularly susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease, especially dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, the loss of which leads to characteristic motor Parkinson’s disease symptoms. In contrast to humans, neuromelanin does not appear spontaneously in most animals, including rodents, and Parkinson’s disease is an exclusively human condition. Using humanized neuromelanin-producing rodents, we recently found that neuromelanin can trigger Parkinson’s disease pathology when accumulated above a specific pathogenic threshold.Here, by taking advantage of this newly developed animal model, we assessed whether the intracellular build-up of neuromelanin that occurs with age can be slowed down in vivo to prevent or attenuate Parkinson’s disease. Because neuromelanin derives from the oxidation of free cytosolic dopamine, we enhanced dopamine vesicular encapsulation in the substantia nigra of neuromelanin-producing rats by viral vector-mediated overexpression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). This strategy reduced the formation of potentially toxic oxidized dopamine species that can convert into neuromelanin and maintained intracellular neuromelanin levels below their pathogenic threshold. Decreased neuromelanin production was associated with an attenuation of Lewy body-like inclusion formation and a long-term preservation of dopamine homeostasis, nigrostriatal neuronal integrity and motor function in these animals.Our results demonstrate the feasibility and therapeutic potential of modulating age-dependent intracellular neuromelanin production in vivo, thereby opening an unexplored path for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and, in a broader sense, brain ageing. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; neuromelanin; VMAT2; dopamine; substantia nigra Author: Marta Gonzalez-Sepulveda Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4546/W-x64 Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64) CreationDate: Fri Feb 24 07:18:38 2023 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 27 17:01:50 2023 CET Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: AcroForm JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 612.283 x 790.866 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 882203 bytes Optimized: yes PDF version: 1.6 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DFMQXO+CaeciliaLTStd-Roman Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 1182 0 MHSVRK+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 1185 0 LOMYVX+CaeciliaLTStd-BoldItalic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 1188 0 FIAFHZ+CaeciliaLTStd-Italic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 1191 0 XTTNRI+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 78 0 NXSDLU+TimesNewRomanPSMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 85 0 EQKPJB+STIXGeneral-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 83 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-08-01 02:34:25 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_9976971.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-09 02:12:49 CET Size: 882203 Format: PDF Version: 1.6 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Linearized PDF, Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: true NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: OneColumn PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: In vivo reduction of age-dependentneuromelanin accumulation mitigatesfeatures of Parkinson’s disease Children: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@8646db9 Item: Title: Materials and methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@37374a5e Children: Item: Title: Study design Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4671e53b Item: Title: Animals Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@2db7a79b Item: Title: Stereotaxic infusion of viral vectors Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6950e31 Item: Title: Brain processing for UPLC-MS/MS, qPCR and histological analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@b7dd107 Item: Title: Immunohistochemistry Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@42eca56e Item: Title: Immunofluorescence Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@52f759d7 Item: Title: Cell counting Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7cbd213e Item: Title: Quantification of neuroinflammation parameters Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@192d3247 Item: Title: Intracellular NM quantification Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3ecd23d9 Item: Title: Chromatographic determination of dopaminergic metabolites in brain samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@569cfc36 Item: Title: Cylinder behavioural test Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@43bd930a Item: Title: Human tyrosinase gene expression Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@33723e30 Item: Title: Statistical analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@64f6106c Item: Title: Data availability Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@553a3d88 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a30d1e6 Children: Item: Title: VMAT2 overexpression reduces catechol oxidation, NM production and LB-like inclusion formation in humanized rats Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5891e32e Item: Title: VMAT2 overexpression prevents NM-linked neurodegeneration Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@cb0ed20 Item: Title: Attenuated neurodegeneration by VMAT2 overexpression is associated to decreased extracellular NM debris and inflammation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@8e24743 Item: Title: Preservation of striatal DA levels and metabolism by VMAT2 overexpression prevents motor deficits in NM-producing rats Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@74a10858 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@23fe1d71 Item: Title: Acknowledgements Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@28ac3dc3 Item: Title: Funding Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@32eebfca Item: Title: Competing interests Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4e718207 Item: Title: Supplementary material Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1d371b2d Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@543c6f6d Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 2236 ImageHeight: 254 BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 1266 ImageHeight: 338 BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 1266 ImageHeight: 1006 BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 1233 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FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 29 FontDescriptor: FontName: XTTNRI+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Flags: Nonsymbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -170, -277, 1146, 970 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true CIDFontType2: Font: BaseFont: NXSDLU+TimesNewRomanPSMT CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: NXSDLU+TimesNewRomanPSMT Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -568, -307, 2046, 1040 FontFile2: true XMP: uuid:7de268ca-0d46-4d52-a24a-1fb69f9ff887 uuid:21008965-C693-20C6-E4EC-2B31BB0AAAC7 True Parkinson’s disease; neuromelanin; VMAT2; dopamine; substantia nigra PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64) application/pdf 10.1093/brain/awac445 en Oxford University Press In vivo reduction of age-dependent neuromelanin accumulation mitigates features of Parkinson’s disease Marta Gonzalez-Sepulveda Joan Compte Thais Cuadros Alba Nicolau Camille Guillard-Sirieix Núria Peñuelas Marina Lorente-Picon Annabelle Parent Jordi Romero-Giménez Joana M. Cladera-Sastre Ariadna Laguna Miquel Vila DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac445; Brain, 146, 3, 2023-01-30.; Abstract: Humans accumulate with age the dark-brown pigment neuromelanin inside specific neuronal groups. Neurons with the highest neuromelanin levels are particularly susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease, especially dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, the loss of which leads to characteristic motor Parkinson’s disease symptoms. In contrast to humans, neuromelanin does not appear spontaneously in most animals, including rodents, and Parkinson’s disease is an exclusively human condition. Using humanized neuromelanin-producing rodents, we recently found that neuromelanin can trigger Parkinson’s disease pathology when accumulated above a specific pathogenic threshold.Here, by taking advantage of this newly developed animal model, we assessed whether the intracellular build-up of neuromelanin that occurs with age can be slowed down in vivo to prevent or attenuate Parkinson’s disease. Because neuromelanin derives from the oxidation of free cytosolic dopamine, we enhanced dopamine vesicular encapsulation in the substantia nigra of neuromelanin-producing rats by viral vector-mediated overexpression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). This strategy reduced the formation of potentially toxic oxidized dopamine species that can convert into neuromelanin and maintained intracellular neuromelanin levels below their pathogenic threshold. Decreased neuromelanin production was associated with an attenuation of Lewy body-like inclusion formation and a long-term preservation of dopamine homeostasis, nigrostriatal neuronal integrity and motor function in these animals.Our results demonstrate the feasibility and therapeutic potential of modulating age-dependent intracellular neuromelanin production in vivo, thereby opening an unexplored path for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and, in a broader sense, brain ageing. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. Parkinson’s disease neuromelanin VMAT2 dopamine substantia nigra Journal Brain © The Author(s) 2023. 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98ac8091 Type: CRC32 Checksum: b99d45cad9d37392521cc86c6bd2f666 Type: MD5 Checksum: 03bb22ac6d24b7ed0032e9731341ad01d61fb591 Type: SHA-1