e8dc69d1dae95d48176edce620d6a8cb agronomy-14-00196.pdf 5d37ee6ee5613906fede0ec0414bb4c081393635 agronomy-14-00196.pdf e40fba6dd60dbc9472618278160aa411ac3f696759bde86a57f3b552b538f592 agronomy-14-00196.pdf Title: The Archaeology of Field Systems in Al-Andalus Subject: The Berber and Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 C.E. led to a profound transformation of the agricultural landscape. The layout of the irrigated areas, both rural and urban, is recognisable because it is the result of social and technological choices. But irrigated agriculture was not the only option in Al-Andalus. Rainfed agriculture is supposed to have been the main form of agriculture in large areas of the centre and west of the peninsula, although the field systems have been scarcely identified. In regions where irrigation was the preferred option, rainfed crops were complementary. In regions where dry farming was the only possible agriculture, there were settlement networks linked to livestock breeding and to droveways and pasture areas. The original selections made by the Berber and Arab farmers can still be recognized despite the expansion that has mainly taken place since modern times. However, the more recent and destructive capitalist agriculture is erasing the last vestiges of the Andalusi agricultural landscape. Keywords: Al-Andalus; irrigation; dry farming Author: Helena Kirchner Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jan 16 05:54:48 2024 CET ModDate: Tue Jan 16 05:57:37 2024 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1005235 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- RDVLKY+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 PYFNXE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 SOCFTN+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 SIVPZR+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 26 0 VRCDRB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 43 0 TGXKMR+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 61 0 FBVUYT+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 69 0 HBVQAP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 73 0 VRURON+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 77 0 TGXKMR+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 85 0 FBVUYT+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 93 0 HBVQAP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 97 0 VRURON+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 101 0 YDDSBU+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 112 0 CBJQBB+TeX-tipa8 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 120 0 UAHKZY+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 137 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-02-03 02:30:06 CET RepresentationInformation: agronomy-14-00196.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-01-22 11:34:59 CET Size: 1005235 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 321 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Irrigation in Al-Andalus Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Urban huertas Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Expansion of Irrigated Areas Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Dry Farming Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: The Archaeology of Field Systems in Al-Andalus Author: Helena Kirchner Subject: The Berber and Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 C.E. led to a profound transformation of the agricultural landscape. The layout of the irrigated areas, both rural and urban, is recognisable because it is the result of social and technological choices. But irrigated agriculture was not the only option in Al-Andalus. Rainfed agriculture is supposed to have been the main form of agriculture in large areas of the centre and west of the peninsula, although the field systems have been scarcely identified. In regions where irrigation was the preferred option, rainfed crops were complementary. In regions where dry farming was the only possible agriculture, there were settlement networks linked to livestock breeding and to droveways and pasture areas. The original selections made by the Berber and Arab farmers can still be recognized despite the expansion that has mainly taken place since modern times. However, the more recent and destructive capitalist agriculture is erasing the last vestiges of the Andalusi agricultural landscape. Keywords: Al-Andalus; irrigation; dry farming Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jan 16 05:54:48 CET 2024 ModDate: Tue Jan 16 05:57:37 CET 2024 ID: 0x5a00f11eecb9b35fc029ba1e365fb4a4, 0x5a00f11eecb9b35fc029ba1e365fb4a4 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: PYFNXE+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 251 FontDescriptor: FontName: PYFNXE+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: YDDSBU+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 97 LastChar: 117 FontDescriptor: FontName: YDDSBU+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: SOCFTN+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOCFTN+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CBJQBB+TeX-tipa8 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 16 LastChar: 16 FontDescriptor: FontName: CBJQBB+TeX-tipa8 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -75, -303, 859, 767 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: UAHKZY+VnURWPalladioL-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 128 LastChar: 230 FontDescriptor: FontName: UAHKZY+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: SIVPZR+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 128 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: SIVPZR+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: RDVLKY+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: RDVLKY+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 293, 152, 302 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 281, 96, 290 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 125, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 149, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 168, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 281, 233, 290 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 281, 407, 290 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 524, 256, 531, 265 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 514, 206, 521, 215 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 206, 528, 215 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 181, 333, 190 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 181, 340, 190 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 17, 279, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 343, 87, 362 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 534, 643, 541, 652 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 643, 556, 652 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 631, 524, 639 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 524, 631, 536, 639 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 605, 278, 614 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 605, 290, 614 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 568, 470, 577 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 568, 482, 577 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 555, 398, 564 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 542, 372, 552 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 480, 556, 489 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 442, 484, 451 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 404, 247, 414 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 329, 527, 338 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 527, 329, 539, 338 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 317, 542, 326 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 317, 557, 326 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 266, 302, 275 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 204, 233, 213 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 204, 248, 213 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 204, 454, 213 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 204, 469, 213 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 176, 256, 188 ActionDest: 55 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 176, 282, 188 ActionDest: 55 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 178, 372, 188 ActionDest: 142 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 378, 489, 392 ActionDest: 55 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 567, 217, 576 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 567, 229, 576 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 517, 337, 526 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 517, 349, 526 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 417, 215, 426 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 417, 461, 426 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 404, 501, 413 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 341, 323, 350 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 342, 335, 350 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 341, 556, 350 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 253, 368, 263 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 253, 383, 263 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 241, 542, 250 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 241, 556, 250 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 228, 503, 237 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 140, 379, 150 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 115, 464, 124 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 90, 377, 99 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 90, 392, 99 ActionDest: 146 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 693, 433, 702 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 434, 693, 446, 702 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 643, 377, 652 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 530, 285, 539 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 530, 297, 539 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 492, 501, 501 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 442, 424, 451 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 404, 322, 414 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 379, 516, 388 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 379, 531, 388 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 379, 543, 388 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 379, 556, 388 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 253, 265, 263 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 254, 278, 263 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 216, 407, 225 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 532, 191, 544, 200 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 191, 557, 200 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 178, 362, 187 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 540, 115, 552, 124 ActionDest: 146 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 681, 474, 690 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 580, 304, 589 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 580, 316, 589 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 517, 406, 526 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 517, 421, 526 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 455, 265, 464 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 329, 403, 338 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 229, 360, 238 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 103, 227, 112 ActionDest: 146 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 731, 317, 740 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 655, 332, 665 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 643, 369, 652 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 643, 442, 652 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 593, 301, 602 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 542, 300, 552 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 455, 284, 464 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 442, 383, 451 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 404, 342, 414 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 404, 356, 414 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 253, 355, 263 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 228, 433, 237 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 153, 406, 162 ActionDest: 146 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 706, 401, 715 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 706, 416, 715 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 177, 631, 189, 639 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 630, 202, 639 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 454, 556, 463 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 404, 421, 413 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 354, 281, 363 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 354, 363, 363 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 304, 221, 313 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 266, 238, 275 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 203, 235, 212 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 203, 250, 212 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 141, 507, 150 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 128, 319, 137 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 128, 516, 137 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 103, 480, 112 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 103, 492, 112 ActionDest: 149 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 743, 256, 752 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 467, 537, 476 ActionDest: 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 540, 467, 552, 476 ActionDest: 149 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 392, 403, 401 ActionDest: 149 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 393, 505, 404 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 221, 537, 232 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 199, 141, 209 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 169, 175, 206, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 141, 164, 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 138, 117, 175, 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 83, 442, 95 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 707, 168, 718 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 661, 195, 671 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 101, 614, 139, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 557, 367, 568 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 511, 307, 522 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 476, 547, 487 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 453, 429, 464 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 373, 217, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 246, 290, 257 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 213, 168, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 189, 353, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 167, 96, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 143, 416, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 392, 85, 429, 96 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 696, 199, 706 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 672, 428, 683 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 614, 528, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 557, 466, 568 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 500, 230, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 407, 441, 418 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 293, 164, 303 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 108, 401, 119 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 696, 96, 706 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 638, 213, 648 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 603, 250, 614 Checksum: 033330ca Type: CRC32 Checksum: e8dc69d1dae95d48176edce620d6a8cb Type: MD5 Checksum: 5d37ee6ee5613906fede0ec0414bb4c081393635 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: e40fba6dd60dbc9472618278160aa411ac3f696759bde86a57f3b552b538f592 Type: SHA-256