ada1e5fe6f8ab8ae28acb4431cdfb301 remsen_a2024m1v16n2p427.pdf 85149f34eb1d3f05cdc87ec09b8c6ae621d26505 remsen_a2024m1v16n2p427.pdf b87586c50cc2025b16842771ab2f52454ea270f66130517bd73222d8ae125f37 remsen_a2024m1v16n2p427.pdf Title: Spatiotemporal Variations in Biophysical Water Quality Parameters: An Integrated In Situ and Remote Sensing Analysis of an Urban Lake in Chile Subject: This study aims to develop and implement a methodology for retrieving bio-optical parameters in a lagoon located in the Biobío region, South-Central Chile, by analyzing time series of Landsat-8 OLI satellite images. The bio-optical parameters, i.e., chlorophyll-a (Chl-a, in mgm-3) and turbidity (in NTU) were measured in situ during a satellite overpass to minimize the impact of atmospheric distortions. To calibrate the satellite images, various atmospheric correction methods (including ACOLITE, C2RCC, iCOR, and LaSRC) were evaluated during the image preprocessing phase. Spectral signatures obtained from the scenes for each atmospheric correction method were then compared with spectral signatures acquired in situ on the water surface. In short, the ACOLITE model emerged as the best fit for the calibration process, reaching R2 values of 0.88 and 0.79 for Chl-a and turbidity, respectively. This underlies the importance of using inversion models, when processing water surfaces, to mitigate errors due to aerosols and the sun-glint effect. Subsequently, reflectance data derived from the ACOLITE model were used to establish correlations between various spectral indices and the in situ data. The empirical retrieval models (based on band combinations) yielding superior performance, with higher R2 values, were subjected to a rigorous statistical validation and optimization by applying a bootstrapping approach. From this process the green chlorophyll index (GCI) was selected as the optimal choice for constructing the Chl-a retrieval model, reaching an R2 of 0.88, while the red + NIR spectral index achieved the highest R2 value (0.79) for turbidity analysis, although in the last case, it was necessary to incorporate data from several seasons for an adequate model training. Our analysis covered a broad spectrum of dates, seasons, and years, which allowed us to search deeper into the evolution of the trophic state associated with the lake. We identified a striking eight-year period (2014–2022) characterized by a decline in Chl-a concentration in the lake, possibly attributable to governmental measures in the region for the protection and conservation of the lake. Additionally, the OLI imagery showed a spatial pattern varying from higher Chl-a values in the northern zone compared to the southern zone, probably due to the heat island effect of the northern urban areas. The results of this study suggest a positive effect of recent local regulations and serve as the basis for the creation of a modern monitoring system that enhances traditional point-based methods, offering a holistic view of the ongoing processes within the lake. Keywords: eutrophication; Landsat; Chl-a; turbidity; spectral signatures; OLI; Chile Author: Santiago Yépez, Germán Velásquez, Daniel Torres, Rodrigo Saavedra-Passache, Martin Pincheira, Hayleen Cid, Lien Rodríguez-López, Angela Contreras, Frédéric Frappart, Jordi Cristóbal, Xavier Pons, Neftali Flores and Luc Bourrel Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jan 30 07:37:41 2024 CET ModDate: Tue Jan 30 07:45:04 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 25 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 11344761 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- JYPLJJ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 NJOMJZ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 JXGSTF+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 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(2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-13 14:37:27 CEST Size: 11344761 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 1076 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Field Data of Water Parameters Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Field Measurement of Water Spectral Signatures (Rrs) Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Satellite Image Data and Atmospheric Correction Methods Destination: subsection.2.4 Children: Item: Title: Landsat-8 OLI Satellite Imagery Destination: subsubsection.2.4.1 Item: Title: Atmospheric Correction Methods Destination: subsubsection.2.4.2 Item: Title: Methodology for Water Quality Modeling Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Selection of Spectral Indices Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Statistical Assessment Destination: subsection.2.7 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Field Measurements of Water Parameters Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Atmospheric Correction Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Evaluation of Aerosol Levels at the Sampling Station Points Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Evaluation of Atmospheric Correction Methods Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Empirical Retrieval Models for Chl-a and Turbidity Destination: subsection.3.3 Children: Item: Title: Chl-a Estimation Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.3.1 Item: Title: Turbidity Estimation Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.3.2 Item: Title: Statistical Evaluation and Model Robustness Destination: subsection.3.4 Children: Item: Title: Statistical Evaluation and Robustness of the Chl-a Estimation Model Destination: subsubsection.3.4.1 Item: Title: Statistical Evaluation and Robustness of the Turbidity Estimation Model Destination: subsubsection.3.4.2 Item: Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Spatiotemporal Variations in Biophysical Water Quality Parameters: An Integrated In Situ and Remote Sensing Analysis of an Urban Lake in Chile Author: Santiago Yépez, Germán Velásquez, Daniel Torres, Rodrigo Saavedra-Passache, Martin Pincheira, Hayleen Cid, Lien Rodríguez-López, Angela Contreras, Frédéric Frappart, Jordi Cristóbal, Xavier Pons, Neftali Flores and Luc Bourrel Subject: This study aims to develop and implement a methodology for retrieving bio-optical parameters in a lagoon located in the Biobío region, South-Central Chile, by analyzing time series of Landsat-8 OLI satellite images. The bio-optical parameters, i.e., chlorophyll-a (Chl-a, in mgm-3) and turbidity (in NTU) were measured in situ during a satellite overpass to minimize the impact of atmospheric distortions. To calibrate the satellite images, various atmospheric correction methods (including ACOLITE, C2RCC, iCOR, and LaSRC) were evaluated during the image preprocessing phase. Spectral signatures obtained from the scenes for each atmospheric correction method were then compared with spectral signatures acquired in situ on the water surface. In short, the ACOLITE model emerged as the best fit for the calibration process, reaching R2 values of 0.88 and 0.79 for Chl-a and turbidity, respectively. This underlies the importance of using inversion models, when processing water surfaces, to mitigate errors due to aerosols and the sun-glint effect. Subsequently, reflectance data derived from the ACOLITE model were used to establish correlations between various spectral indices and the in situ data. The empirical retrieval models (based on band combinations) yielding superior performance, with higher R2 values, were subjected to a rigorous statistical validation and optimization by applying a bootstrapping approach. From this process the green chlorophyll index (GCI) was selected as the optimal choice for constructing the Chl-a retrieval model, reaching an R2 of 0.88, while the red + NIR spectral index achieved the highest R2 value (0.79) for turbidity analysis, although in the last case, it was necessary to incorporate data from several seasons for an adequate model training. Our analysis covered a broad spectrum of dates, seasons, and years, which allowed us to search deeper into the evolution of the trophic state associated with the lake. We identified a striking eight-year period (2014 2022) characterized by a decline in Chl-a concentration in the lake, possibly attributable to governmental measures in the region for the protection and conservation of the lake. Additionally, the OLI imagery showed a spatial pattern varying from higher Chl-a values in the northern zone compared to the southern zone, probably due to the heat island effect of the northern urban areas. The results of this study suggest a positive effect of recent local regulations and serve as the basis for the creation of a modern monitoring system that enhances traditional point-based methods, offering a holistic view of the ongoing processes within the lake. Keywords: eutrophication; Landsat; Chl-a; turbidity; spectral signatures; OLI; Chile Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jan 30 07:37:41 CET 2024 ModDate: Tue Jan 30 07:45:04 CET 2024 ID: 0x5217a9753f6dba01fbf63b706fd26055, 0x5217a9753f6dba01fbf63b706fd26055 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: AEULMD+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: AEULMD+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: GIGFZE+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 61 FontDescriptor: FontName: GIGFZE+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: LLMNHJ+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: LLMNHJ+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: 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