fbce20573408492fffd9f4bf9e893570 agr_a2024m2v14n2p242.pdf 9eded5b7e40a0b0f351bf44ff78bbac680521578 agr_a2024m2v14n2p242.pdf bb30c2ae933dbb72d65311689767c46928cf3fe645ed15f5a21af09249b9d5df agr_a2024m2v14n2p242.pdf Title: Biochar Addition to a Mediterranean Agroecosystem: Short-Term Divergent Priming Effects Subject: The goal of this study was to evaluate biochar’s resistance to microbial decomposition and its impact on native soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Conducted in a vineyard with a sandy loam Mediterranean soil with neutral pH and low organic carbon content, the experiment involved the application of 6.5 g biochar kg-1 derived from pine (PB) and corn cob (ZB). The monitoring period spanned two years, with soil samples collected at short- and medium-term timepoints (2 and 26 months post-application) and incubated in the lab for an additional 250 days. Soil respiration, the CO2-C isotopic signature, and dissolved organic carbon (DOChw) were assessed to identify potential priming effects (PE) and evaluate their persistence over two years. In the short term, biochar-induced priming effects were feedstock and pyrolysis temperature dependent, exhibiting negative priming in high-temperature wood biochar and positive priming in low-temperature grass biochar. The mechanism behind short-term positive priming was attributed to the higher labile organic carbon (OC) content in ZB compared to PB. In the medium term, initial strong priming effects shifted to slightly negative priming effects in both biochars, indicating the depletion of labile carbon fractions and the emergence of physical protection processes that mitigated priming. Keywords: biochar; field study; SOC mineralization; soil incubation; soil respiration; stable carbon isotopes Author: Irene Raya-Moreno, Rosa Cañizares, Xavier Domene, Vicenç Carabassa and Josep Maria Alcañiz Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Feb 1 10:11:22 2024 CET ModDate: Thu Feb 1 10:20:59 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1611721 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 GAQFRX+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 RRAEEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 XIHBQU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 YIVWYZ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 ELVRBN+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 48 0 NKXLQD+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 68 0 ZPGVCH+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 79 0 CHGGKZ+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 84 0 GIGFZE+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 89 0 KEEGLE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 104 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 110 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 113 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 119 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 122 0 KEEHEG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 125 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 140 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 143 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 149 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 152 0 KEEHEG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 155 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 172 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 175 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 181 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 184 0 KEEHEG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 187 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 205 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 208 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 214 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 217 0 KEEHEG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 220 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 238 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 241 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 247 0 KEEGMH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 250 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 256 0 KEEGME+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 274 0 KEEGMF+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 277 0 KEEGMG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 283 0 KEEGMI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 286 0 KEEHEG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 289 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-05-14 02:43:28 CEST RepresentationInformation: agr_a2024m2v14n2p242.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-13 17:56:56 CEST Size: 1611721 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 570 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Site and Soil Description Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Biochar Characterization Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Experimental Design and Sampling Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Carbon Dioxide Released from Soil Samples Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Hot Water Extractable Carbon Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Quantification of the Carbon Contribution Attributable to Biochar (fB) and Soil (fS) Using Isotope Partitioning Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Data Analysis Destination: subsection.2.7 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: CO2-C Evolved from Soil Incubation Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Dissolved Organic Carbon Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Carbon Isotopic Signature Destination: subsection.3.3 Children: Item: Title: 13C of the Dissolved Organic Carbon Destination: subsubsection.3.3.1 Item: Title: 13C of Released CO2-C Destination: subsubsection.3.3.2 Item: Title: Priming Effects of Biochar on Native Soil Organic C Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Biochar Origin and Production Temperature Explain the Short-Term Priming Effects Observed Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Short-Term Priming Effects Observed and Underlying Process Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Persistence of Priming Effects in the Medium-Term Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Isotopic Signature Differential Evolution during the 250-Day Incubations Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Biochar Addition to a Mediterranean Agroecosystem: Short-Term Divergent Priming Effects Author: Irene Raya-Moreno, Rosa Cañizares, Xavier Domene, Vicenç Carabassa and Josep Maria Alcañiz Subject: The goal of this study was to evaluate biochar’s resistance to microbial decomposition and its impact on native soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Conducted in a vineyard with a sandy loam Mediterranean soil with neutral pH and low organic carbon content, the experiment involved the application of 6.5 g biochar kg-1 derived from pine (PB) and corn cob (ZB). The monitoring period spanned two years, with soil samples collected at short- and medium-term timepoints (2 and 26 months post-application) and incubated in the lab for an additional 250 days. Soil respiration, the CO2-C isotopic signature, and dissolved organic carbon (DOChw) were assessed to identify potential priming effects (PE) and evaluate their persistence over two years. In the short term, biochar-induced priming effects were feedstock and pyrolysis temperature dependent, exhibiting negative priming in high-temperature wood biochar and positive priming in low-temperature grass biochar. The mechanism behind short-term positive priming was attributed to the higher labile organic carbon (OC) content in ZB compared to PB. In the medium term, initial strong priming effects shifted to slightly negative priming effects in both biochars, indicating the depletion of labile carbon fractions and the emergence of physical protection processes that mitigated priming. Keywords: biochar; field study; SOC mineralization; soil incubation; soil respiration; stable carbon isotopes Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Feb 01 10:11:22 CET 2024 ModDate: Thu Feb 01 10:20:59 CET 2024 ID: 0xe6814b5112c75cbd615689cb0fb620ba, 0xe6814b5112c75cbd615689cb0fb620ba Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: GAQFRX+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: GAQFRX+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: YIVWYZ+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 15 FontDescriptor: FontName: YIVWYZ+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: NKXLQD+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 14 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: NKXLQD+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CHGGKZ+PazoMath-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 100 LastChar: 100 FontDescriptor: FontName: CHGGKZ+PazoMath-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: RRAEEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 246 FontDescriptor: FontName: RRAEEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: GIGFZE+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 61 FontDescriptor: FontName: GIGFZE+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: XIHBQU+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: XIHBQU+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: ZPGVCH+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 18 LastChar: 19 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZPGVCH+CMEX10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -24, -2960, 1454, 772 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 305, 152, 314 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 293, 151, 302 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 125, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 149, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 165, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 660, 338, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 660, 444, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 159, 648, 170, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 253, 470, 262 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 241, 211, 250 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 203, 481, 212 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 166, 495, 174 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 153, 535, 162 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 128, 355, 137 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 473, 128, 480, 137 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 115, 372, 124 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 373, 115, 380, 124 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 90, 445, 99 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 78, 525, 87 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 17, 286, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 378, 87, 397 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 744, 528, 752 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 532, 718, 544, 727 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 718, 557, 727 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 681, 222, 690 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 681, 237, 690 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 668, 496, 677 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 668, 509, 677 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 668, 524, 677 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 580, 225, 589 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 580, 238, 589 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 580, 253, 589 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 568, 371, 577 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 568, 555, 577 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 472, 530, 484, 539 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 484, 530, 496, 539 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 505, 290, 514 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 492, 540, 501 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 492, 555, 501 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 480, 277, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 480, 316, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 480, 328, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 480, 341, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 480, 466, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 480, 478, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 467, 224, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 467, 237, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 467, 329, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 467, 341, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 467, 465, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 455, 306, 464 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 430, 517, 439 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 404, 342, 414 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 354, 453, 363 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 342, 470, 351 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 338, 304, 350, 313 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 291, 556, 301 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 254, 365, 263 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 216, 525, 225 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 166, 371, 175 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 166, 383, 175 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 166, 398, 175 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 166, 518, 175 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 128, 511, 137 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 78, 451, 87 ActionDest: 308 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 541, 468, 550 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 541, 481, 550 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 540, 516, 552, 525 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 504, 557, 513 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 541, 365, 552, 374 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 328, 419, 337 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 290, 294, 299 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 189, 314, 198 ActionDest: 311 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 703, 522, 712 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 414, 466, 423 ActionDest: 311 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 705, 306, 714 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 307, 705, 319, 714 ActionDest: 308 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 674, 203, 688 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 176, 305, 188 ActionDest: 130 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 138, 442, 150 ActionDest: 130 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 100, 324, 112 ActionDest: 130 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 744, 335, 753 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 494, 458, 501, 471 ActionDest: 130 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 420, 351, 432 ActionDest: 130 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 703, 277, 715 ActionDest: 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 152, 507, 165 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 180, 438, 193 ActionDest: 226 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 336, 355, 349 ActionDest: 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 248, 538, 260 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 160, 323, 172 ActionDest: 262 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 122, 556, 134 ActionDest: 262 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 243, 276, 253 ActionDest: 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 206, 210, 215 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 206, 222, 215 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 206, 235, 215 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 349, 206, 361, 215 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 206, 373, 215 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 206, 386, 215 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 156, 337, 165 ActionDest: 308 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 743, 294, 752 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 743, 306, 752 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 731, 422, 740 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 718, 440, 727 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 718, 452, 727 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 718, 464, 727 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 718, 477, 727 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 668, 475, 677 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 668, 490, 677 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 640, 535, 652 ActionDest: 262 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 615, 231, 627 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 580, 531, 589 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 580, 543, 589 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 580, 555, 589 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 555, 264, 564 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 555, 277, 564 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 505, 543, 514 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 505, 555, 514 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 480, 294, 489 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 467, 277, 476 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 467, 289, 476 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 442, 376, 451 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 442, 389, 451 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 442, 401, 451 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 442, 414, 451 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 392, 416, 401 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 354, 312, 363 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 216, 373, 225 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 216, 537, 225 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 178, 428, 187 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 150, 299, 164 ActionDest: 76 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 138, 366, 152 ActionDest: 76 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 182, 128, 194, 137 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 103, 277, 112 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 90, 291, 99 ActionDest: 308 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 731, 466, 740 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 731, 478, 740 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 681, 295, 690 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 681, 308, 690 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 678, 530, 690 ActionDest: 130 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 593, 218, 602 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 593, 231, 602 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 593, 243, 602 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 580, 405, 589 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 552, 207, 564 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 505, 555, 514 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 414, 556, 426 ActionDest: 262 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 379, 454, 388 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 341, 330, 350 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 289, 533, 301 ActionDest: 262 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 213, 367, 225 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 191, 507, 200 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 166, 344, 175 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 153, 489, 162 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 75, 444, 87 ActionDest: 130 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 741, 260, 753 ActionDest: 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 693, 226, 702 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 693, 556, 702 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 655, 423, 665 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 532, 630, 544, 639 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 555, 381, 564 ActionDest: 308 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 477, 434, 489 ActionDest: 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 429, 441, 438 ActionDest: 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 376, 454, 390 ActionDest: 226 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 687, 560, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 675, 398, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 367, 296, 378 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 322, 168, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 287, 132, 298 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 206, 266, 217 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 183, 234, 194 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 149, 141, 159 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 103, 141, 113 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 80, 239, 90 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 730, 451, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 706, 410, 718 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 684, 254, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 661, 248, 671 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 638, 96, 648 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 615, 303, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 592, 164, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 568, 466, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 546, 248, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 522, 404, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 499, 441, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 466, 96, 476 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 443, 96, 453 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 185, 407, 222, 418 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 384, 416, 395 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 362, 343, 372 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 338, 430, 349 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 305, 137, 315 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 282, 96, 292 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 259, 357, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 235, 438, 246 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 213, 141, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 189, 272, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 177, 557, 188 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 155, 141, 165 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 132, 282, 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 109, 261, 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 109, 303, 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 85, 368, 96 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 384, 730, 421, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 684, 96, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 684, 138, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 661, 96, 671 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 384, 614, 422, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 591, 396, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 568, 381, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 546, 191, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 522, 367, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 500, 329, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 476, 410, 487 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 465, 527, 476 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 442, 485, 453 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 420, 318, 430 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 396, 328, 407 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 373, 515, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 373, 557, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 350, 437, 361 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 327, 425, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 304, 519, 315 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 282, 451, 292 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 269, 557, 280 Checksum: ca133c58 Type: CRC32 Checksum: fbce20573408492fffd9f4bf9e893570 Type: MD5 Checksum: 9eded5b7e40a0b0f351bf44ff78bbac680521578 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: bb30c2ae933dbb72d65311689767c46928cf3fe645ed15f5a21af09249b9d5df Type: SHA-256