d0e99e23eadb04bd4d5ddfa07a5d26e8 remotesensing_a2024v16n3art4587.pdf fc1452bf8627eb7df04b0b15552a361417bed0af remotesensing_a2024v16n3art4587.pdf b2cab18a039c48ca0de2b3844c85e7e736cca02e68017508857fee112f0213bb remotesensing_a2024v16n3art4587.pdf Title: Evaluating the Two-Source Energy Balance Model Using MODIS Data for Estimating Evapotranspiration Time Series on a Regional Scale Subject: Estimating daily continuous evapotranspiration (ET) can significantly enhance the monitoring of crop stress and drought on regional scales, as well as benefit the design of agricultural drought early warning systems. However, there is a need to verify the models’ performance in estimating the spatiotemporal continuity of long-term daily evapotranspiration (ETd) on regional scales due to uncertainties in satellite measurements. In this study, a thermal-based two-surface energy balance (TSEB) model was used concurrently with Terra/Aqua MODIS data and the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis dataset to calculate the surface energy balance of the soil–canopy–atmosphere continuum and estimate ET at a 1 km spatial resolution from 2000 to 2022. The performance of the model was evaluated using 11 eddy covariance flux towers in various land cover types (i.e., savannas, woody savannas, croplands, evergreen broadleaf forests, and open shrublands), correcting for the energy balance closure (EBC). The Bowen ratio (BR) and residual (RES) methods were used for enforcing the EBC in the EC observations. The modeled ET was evaluated against unclosed ET and closed ET (ETBR and ETRES) under clear-sky and all-sky observations as well as gap-filled data. The results showed that the modeled ET presented a better agreement with closed ET compared to unclosed ET in both Terra and Aqua datasets. Additionally, although the model overestimated ETd across all different land cover types, it successfully captured the spatiotemporal variability in ET. After the gap-filling, the total number of days compared with flux measurements increased substantially, from 13,761 to 19,265 for Terra and from 13,329 to 19,265 for Aqua. The overall mean results including clear-sky and all-sky observations as well as gap-filled data with the Aqua dataset showed the lowest errors with ETRES, by a mean bias error (MBE) of 0.96 mm.day-1, an average mean root square (RMSE) of 1.47 mm.day-1, and a correlation (r) value of 0.51. The equivalent figures for Terra were about 1.06 mm.day-1, 1.60 mm.day-1, and 0.52. Additionally, the result from the gap-filling model indicated small changes compared with the all-sky observations, which demonstrated that the modeling framework remained robust, even with the expanded days. Hence, the presented modeling framework can serve as a pathway for estimating daily remote sensing-based ET on regional scales. Furthermore, in terms of temporal trends, the intra-annual and inter-annual variability in ET can be used as indicators for monitoring crop stress and drought. Keywords: remote sensing-based evapotranspiration; two-source energy balance; MODIS; drought Author: Mahsa Bozorgi, Jordi Cristóbal and Magí Pàmies-Sans Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Dec 6 15:43:32 2024 CET ModDate: Fri Dec 6 15:47:34 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 29 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 11794875 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- RSYDPD+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 XXLPKQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 JFQMHG+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 IBYYUY+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 JOJKFT+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 CMFVHJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 FZKPQR+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 76 0 SOSTRQ+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 81 0 KUAQVE+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 95 0 VTBULG+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 100 0 PHXIRD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 105 0 TSEGZF+PazoMath-Bold Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 110 0 FOQATV+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 115 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-01-15 02:41:35 CET RepresentationInformation: remotesensing_a2024v16n3art4587.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-01-14 19:30:54 CET Size: 11794875 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 577 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Data Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Remote Sensing and Reanalysis Dataset TSEB Inputs Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Flux Towers Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: Overall Modeling Framework Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: TSEB Model Overview Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Temporal Upscaling and Gap-Filling Methods Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Model Evaluation Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: LST Evaluation Destination: subsection.2.7 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Flux Tower EBC Screening Results Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Evaluation of Modeled ETd Under Clear-Sky Observations Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Evaluation of Modeled ETd with All-Sky Observations and Gap-Filled Data Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: LST Validation Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Monthly Variability in Estimated ET from 2000 to 2022 in the Study Area Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Seasonal Variability in Estimated ET from 2000 to 2022 in the Study Area Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Annual Cumulative of Estimated ET from 2000 to 2022 in the Study Area Destination: subsection.3.7 Item: Title: Spatiotemporal Variability in Estimated ET from 2000 to 2022 in the Study Area Destination: subsection.3.8 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Model Evaluation and Comparison with Existing Studies Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Application of Long Time Series of ETd Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Limitations of the Proposed Modelling Framework and Future Implementation Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Appendix A Destination: appendix.A. Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.B. Info: Title: Evaluating the Two-Source Energy Balance Model Using MODIS Data for Estimating Evapotranspiration Time Series on a Regional Scale Author: Mahsa Bozorgi, Jordi Cristóbal and Magí Pàmies-Sans Subject: Estimating daily continuous evapotranspiration (ET) can significantly enhance the monitoring of crop stress and drought on regional scales, as well as benefit the design of agricultural drought early warning systems. However, there is a need to verify the models’ performance in estimating the spatiotemporal continuity of long-term daily evapotranspiration (ETd) on regional scales due to uncertainties in satellite measurements. In this study, a thermal-based two-surface energy balance (TSEB) model was used concurrently with Terra/Aqua MODIS data and the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis dataset to calculate the surface energy balance of the soil canopy atmosphere continuum and estimate ET at a 1 km spatial resolution from 2000 to 2022. The performance of the model was evaluated using 11 eddy covariance flux towers in various land cover types (i.e., savannas, woody savannas, croplands, evergreen broadleaf forests, and open shrublands), correcting for the energy balance closure (EBC). The Bowen ratio (BR) and residual (RES) methods were used for enforcing the EBC in the EC observations. The modeled ET was evaluated against unclosed ET and closed ET (ETBR and ETRES) under clear-sky and all-sky observations as well as gap-filled data. The results showed that the modeled ET presented a better agreement with closed ET compared to unclosed ET in both Terra and Aqua datasets. Additionally, although the model overestimated ETd across all different land cover types, it successfully captured the spatiotemporal variability in ET. After the gap-filling, the total number of days compared with flux measurements increased substantially, from 13,761 to 19,265 for Terra and from 13,329 to 19,265 for Aqua. The overall mean results including clear-sky and all-sky observations as well as gap-filled data with the Aqua dataset showed the lowest errors with ETRES, by a mean bias error (MBE) of 0.96 mm.day-1, an average mean root square (RMSE) of 1.47 mm.day-1, and a correlation (r) value of 0.51. The equivalent figures for Terra were about 1.06 mm.day-1, 1.60 mm.day-1, and 0.52. Additionally, the result from the gap-filling model indicated small changes compared with the all-sky observations, which demonstrated that the modeling framework remained robust, even with the expanded days. Hence, the presented modeling framework can serve as a pathway for estimating daily remote sensing-based ET on regional scales. Furthermore, in terms of temporal trends, the intra-annual and inter-annual variability in ET can be used as indicators for monitoring crop stress and drought. Keywords: remote sensing-based evapotranspiration; two-source energy balance; MODIS; drought Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Dec 06 15:43:32 CET 2024 ModDate: Fri Dec 06 15:47:34 CET 2024 ID: 0xeddc3e4cc9d4a7718ec596609a2c2954, 0xeddc3e4cc9d4a7718ec596609a2c2954 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: JOJKFT+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: JOJKFT+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: VTBULG+PazoMath-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 35 LastChar: 115 FontDescriptor: FontName: VTBULG+PazoMath-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CMFVHJ+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 129 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: CMFVHJ+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: PHXIRD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 72 LastChar: 72 FontDescriptor: FontName: PHXIRD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: RSYDPD+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: RSYDPD+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: FZKPQR+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 68 LastChar: 229 FontDescriptor: FontName: FZKPQR+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: TSEGZF+PazoMath-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 87 LastChar: 87 FontDescriptor: FontName: TSEGZF+PazoMath-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -10, -266, 829, 695 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: XXLPKQ+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 124 FontDescriptor: FontName: XXLPKQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: SOSTRQ+CMR10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 93 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOSTRQ+CMR10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: FOQATV+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 18 FontDescriptor: FontName: FOQATV+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFQMHG+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFQMHG+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: IBYYUY+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 151 FontDescriptor: FontName: IBYYUY+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: KUAQVE+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 115 FontDescriptor: FontName: KUAQVE+CMEX10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -24, -2960, 1454, 772 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 54, 279, 152, 288 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 269, 70, 276 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 149, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 185, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 642, 213, 655 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 642, 335, 655 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 93, 400, 102 ActionDest: 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 340, 80, 347, 89 ActionDest: 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 17, 262, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 365, 87, 384 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 706, 546, 715 ActionDest: 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 706, 556, 715 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 681, 307, 690 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 681, 503, 690 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 668, 494, 677 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 643, 218, 652 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 643, 329, 652 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 542, 643, 553, 652 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 618, 443, 627 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 618, 535, 627 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 605, 292, 614 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 530, 239, 539 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 530, 254, 539 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 505, 265, 514 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 392, 492, 404, 501 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 492, 419, 501 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 340, 455, 352, 464 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 442, 288, 451 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 379, 392, 388 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 367, 328, 376 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 367, 341, 376 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 342, 556, 351 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 317, 203, 326 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 317, 386, 326 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 279, 345, 288 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 279, 429, 288 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 229, 523, 238 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 229, 535, 238 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 216, 468, 225 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 191, 224, 200 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 176, 504, 188 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 166, 254, 175 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 91, 204, 100 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 370, 91, 382, 100 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 91, 456, 100 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 744, 379, 752 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 744, 555, 752 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 731, 215, 740 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 656, 301, 665 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 655, 314, 665 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 491, 228, 500 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 491, 498, 500 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 453, 219, 463 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 453, 234, 463 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 451, 281, 463 ActionDest: 67 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 103, 358, 115 ActionDest: 73 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 532, 560, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 520, 292, 532 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 495, 377, 507 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 432, 432, 444 ActionDest: 67 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 419, 341, 431 ActionDest: 73 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 153, 452, 162 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 153, 464, 162 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 731, 261, 740 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 731, 274, 740 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 706, 301, 715 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 706, 314, 715 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 706, 447, 715 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 668, 525, 677 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 668, 538, 677 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 643, 299, 652 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 580, 330, 589 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 527, 425, 539 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 517, 380, 526 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 514, 453, 526 ActionDest: 92 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 502, 388, 514 ActionDest: 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 182, 362, 194 ActionDest: 73 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 172, 458, 182 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 97, 475, 106 ActionDest: 227 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 741, 329, 753 ActionDest: 73 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 703, 556, 715 ActionDest: 92 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 681, 339, 690 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 627, 250, 639 ActionDest: 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 182, 298, 193, 307 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 298, 326, 307 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 298, 339, 307 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 295, 445, 307 ActionDest: 120 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 134, 460, 143 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 131, 517, 143 ActionDest: 92 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 93, 454, 105 ActionDest: 92 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 540, 374, 548 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 373, 415, 382 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 360, 333, 369 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 360, 345, 369 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 117, 529, 131 ActionDest: 215 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 532, 743, 544, 752 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 743, 556, 752 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 660, 466, 669 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 660, 478, 669 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 622, 464, 631 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 498, 543, 507 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 498, 556, 507 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 435, 199, 444 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 347, 461, 356 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 347, 474, 356 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 322, 234, 331 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 322, 247, 331 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 87, 471, 96 ActionDest: 227 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 552, 442, 559, 451 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 430, 177, 439 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 256, 191, 265 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 165, 202, 177 ActionDest: 132 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 729, 205, 740 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 729, 215, 740 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 230, 325, 242 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 205, 241, 217 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 205, 268, 217 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 92, 228, 104 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 92, 340, 104 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 92, 368, 104 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 718, 224, 727 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 718, 236, 727 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 718, 249, 727 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 217, 237, 229 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 217, 266, 229 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 157, 556, 166 ActionDest: 221 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 728, 447, 740 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 728, 474, 740 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 653, 206, 665 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 653, 235, 665 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 540, 282, 552 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 465, 229, 477 ActionDest: 148 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 465, 256, 477 ActionDest: 154 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 437, 359, 450 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 89, 286, 101 ActionDest: 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 89, 312, 101 ActionDest: 160 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 210, 401, 222 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 210, 432, 222 ActionDest: 169 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 210, 234, 222 ActionDest: 178 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 210, 266, 222 ActionDest: 178 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 98, 318, 110 ActionDest: 187 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 433, 232, 445 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 433, 263, 445 ActionDest: 196 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 397, 335, 407 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 262, 374, 274 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 237, 306, 249 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 237, 333, 249 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 202, 223, 211 ActionDest: 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 202, 235, 211 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 98, 509, 110 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 98, 535, 110 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 665, 359, 679 ActionDest: 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 455, 298, 464 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 404, 504, 414 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 392, 269, 401 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 392, 281, 401 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 301, 247, 313 ActionDest: 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 301, 275, 313 ActionDest: 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 254, 556, 263 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 103, 285, 112 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 103, 298, 112 ActionDest: 227 Page: Sequence: 21 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 706, 471, 715 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 643, 378, 652 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 580, 396, 589 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 505, 226, 514 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 467, 557, 476 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 404, 368, 414 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 241, 187, 250 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 138, 238, 150 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 126, 270, 138 ActionDest: 142 Page: Sequence: 22 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 653, 246, 665 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 530, 238, 539 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 530, 251, 539 ActionDest: 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 505, 556, 514 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 467, 556, 476 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 402, 215, 414 ActionDest: 178 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 402, 246, 414 ActionDest: 178 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 402, 414, 414 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 389, 327, 401 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 389, 360, 401 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 379, 556, 388 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 339, 556, 351 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 329, 199, 338 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 314, 272, 326 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 314, 303, 326 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 251, 212, 263 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 253, 345, 263 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 213, 317, 225 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 213, 348, 225 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 203, 413, 212 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 163, 331, 175 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 166, 452, 175 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 166, 464, 175 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 128, 424, 137 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 125, 490, 137 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 125, 522, 137 ActionDest: 169 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 90, 282, 99 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 90, 294, 99 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 728, 423, 740 ActionDest: 187 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 728, 456, 740 ActionDest: 196 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 532, 580, 544, 589 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 580, 557, 589 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 542, 209, 551 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 542, 222, 551 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 454, 490, 463 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 417, 205, 426 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 329, 228, 338 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 316, 343, 325 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 279, 395, 288 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 263, 361, 275 ActionDest: 92 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 241, 524, 250 ActionDest: 230 Page: Sequence: 24 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 216, 560, 227 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 204, 214, 215 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 193, 390, 204 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 137, 556, 146 ActionDest: 221 Page: Sequence: 25 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 295, 691, 302, 703 ActionDest: 92 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 693, 367, 702 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 693, 380, 702 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 376, 250, 385 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 226, 255, 235 ActionDest: 230 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 214, 475, 223 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 214, 490, 223 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 140, 541, 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 117, 267, 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 83, 96, 93 Page: Sequence: 26 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 719, 206, 729 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 684, 96, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 650, 203, 660 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 603, 402, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 569, 96, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 535, 146, 545 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 499, 523, 510 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 476, 380, 487 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 454, 273, 464 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 420, 141, 430 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 384, 199, 395 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 361, 384, 372 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 338, 335, 349 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 315, 556, 326 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 281, 374, 292 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 258, 471, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 189, 401, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 167, 159, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 131, 306, 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 108, 451, 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 85, 433, 96 Page: Sequence: 27 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 730, 354, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 707, 355, 718 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 684, 330, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 650, 96, 660 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 626, 503, 637 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 592, 142, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 568, 472, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 545, 479, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 523, 318, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 489, 146, 499 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 454, 141, 464 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 420, 146, 430 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 397, 216, 407 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 362, 200, 372 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 328, 155, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 304, 376, 315 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 90, 270, 128, 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 247, 177, 257 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 212, 304, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 189, 374, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 166, 448, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 144, 306, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 120, 444, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 85, 270, 96 Page: Sequence: 28 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 730, 481, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 718, 469, 729 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 718, 512, 729 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 696, 390, 706 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 661, 141, 671 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 637, 557, 648 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 614, 557, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 592, 132, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 568, 516, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 535, 141, 545 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 522, 557, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 489, 96, 499 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 466, 217, 476 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 443, 146, 453 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 420, 452, 430 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 385, 96, 395 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 361, 440, 372 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 149, 328, 186, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 305, 295, 315 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 269, 363, 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 235, 303, 246 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 213, 96, 223 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 190, 96, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 166, 557, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 143, 456, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 120, 479, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 97, 486, 108 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 74, 208, 85 Page: Sequence: 29 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 730, 151, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 706, 262, 718 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 672, 539, 683 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 649, 486, 660 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 604, 261, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 580, 541, 591 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 557, 303, 568 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 477, 141, 487 Checksum: d1a77157 Type: CRC32 Checksum: d0e99e23eadb04bd4d5ddfa07a5d26e8 Type: MD5 Checksum: fc1452bf8627eb7df04b0b15552a361417bed0af Type: SHA-1 Checksum: b2cab18a039c48ca0de2b3844c85e7e736cca02e68017508857fee112f0213bb Type: SHA-256