a78095a86b15a6be32ad1d5d276cdc1c 308098.pdf bf109470f61d46ab42f36fb4cd8af1090f9e3c17 308098.pdf e5c78f29a5094ecd1d36bdc7b2bf9fa4f028f07859631e09217a6e1d094e2cbc 308098.pdf Title: Genetic Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States of America: The Least Endemic Country for Chagas Disease Subject: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and endemic in Latin America, has become an emergent health problem in non-endemic countries due to human migration. The United States (US) is the non-Latin American country with the highest CD burden and cannot be considered as non-endemic, since triatomine vectors and reservoir animals have been found. Populations of T. cruzi are divided into genetic subdivisions, which are known as discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and TcBat. Autochthonous human T. cruzi infection in the US is sporadic, but it may change due to environmental factors affecting the geographic distribution of triatomines. We aimed to perform a literature review of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in triatomine vectors and mammalian hosts, including human cases, in the US. The 34 analyzed studies revealed the presence of T. cruzi in 18 states, which was mainly concentrated in Texas, Louisiana and New Mexico. TcI and TcIV were the principal DTUs identified, being TcI the most genotyped (42.4%; 917/2164). This study represents a first attempt to compile the molecular epidemiology of T. cruzi in the US, which is fundamental for predicting the progression of the infection in the country and could be of great help in its future management. Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi; discrete typing unit; DTU; endemic country; genetic diversity; molecular epidemiology; mammalian hosts; triatomine vectors Author: Arnau Llovera, Alba Abras, Anna Fernández-Arévalo, Cristina Ballart, Sandra Heras, Carmen Muñoz and Montserrat Gállego Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Jul 19 14:25:32 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Jul 19 14:30:12 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1883236 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- GIFXFT+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 EVMOYL+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 WNWWKJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 KGSZOI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 HVULGX+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 IPXDXF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 PJCGLK+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 54 0 AFCMMG+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 87 0 AFCMMH+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 90 0 AFCMNI+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 96 0 AFCMNK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 99 0 AFCNEK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 102 0 AFCMMG+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 124 0 AFCMNI+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 127 0 AFCMNK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 130 0 AFCNEK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 133 0 AFDFDL+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 154 0 AFCMMG+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 157 0 AFCMMH+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 160 0 AFCMNI+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 166 0 AFCMNK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 169 0 AFCNEK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 172 0 AFCMMG+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 200 0 AFCMMH+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 203 0 AFCMNI+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 209 0 AFCMNK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 212 0 AFCNEK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 215 0 CKBPVA+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 225 0 IHGURL+EURM7 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 249 0 NMTXOM+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 263 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-28 02:42:51 CET RepresentationInformation: 308098.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-27 13:52:00 CET Size: 1883236 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 685 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Chagas Disease Epidemiology in the US Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Trypanosoma cruzi Genetic Diversity Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs in the US Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs Identified in Hosts Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs Identified in Vectors Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: The Importance of Identifying DTUs in the US Destination: section.5 Item: Title: The Problem of Identifying DTUs Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Final Remarks Destination: section.7 Item: Title: Appendix A Destination: appendix.A. Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.B. Info: Title: Genetic Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States of America: The Least Endemic Country for Chagas Disease Author: Arnau Llovera, Alba Abras, Anna Fernández-Arévalo, Cristina Ballart, Sandra Heras, Carmen Muñoz and Montserrat Gállego Subject: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and endemic in Latin America, has become an emergent health problem in non-endemic countries due to human migration. The United States (US) is the non-Latin American country with the highest CD burden and cannot be considered as non-endemic, since triatomine vectors and reservoir animals have been found. Populations of T. cruzi are divided into genetic subdivisions, which are known as discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and TcBat. Autochthonous human T. cruzi infection in the US is sporadic, but it may change due to environmental factors affecting the geographic distribution of triatomines. We aimed to perform a literature review of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in triatomine vectors and mammalian hosts, including human cases, in the US. The 34 analyzed studies revealed the presence of T. cruzi in 18 states, which was mainly concentrated in Texas, Louisiana and New Mexico. TcI and TcIV were the principal DTUs identified, being TcI the most genotyped (42.4%; 917/2164). This study represents a first attempt to compile the molecular epidemiology of T. cruzi in the US, which is fundamental for predicting the progression of the infection in the country and could be of great help in its future management. 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