17a2fa76f4719304ffe279145d68d3ef universe-10-00349.pdf 53a470cf5f18b756ccea8ee9081d855ae1a9b6d0 universe-10-00349.pdf ea04d0fc76f698d22f609e5daa74c4557d0fac9a8ee2fe54972f8aa9488db9af universe-10-00349.pdf Title: Characterisation of the Atmosphere in Very High Energy Gamma-Astronomy for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes Subject: Ground-based observations of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma rays from extreme astrophysical sources are significantly influenced by atmospheric conditions. This is due to the atmosphere being an integral part of the detector when utilizing Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). Clouds and dust particles diminish atmospheric transmission of Cherenkov light, thereby impacting the reconstruction of the air showers and consequently the reconstructed gamma-ray spectra. Precise measurements of atmospheric transmission above Cherenkov observatories play a pivotal role in the accuracy of the analysed data, among which the corrections of the reconstructed energies and fluxes of incoming gamma rays, and in establishing observation strategies for different types of gamma-ray emitting sources. The Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), both located on the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM), La Palma, Canary Islands, use different sets of auxiliary instruments for real-time characterisation of the atmosphere. In this paper, historical data taken by MAGIC LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) and CTAO FRAM (F/Photometric Robotic Telescope) are presented. From the atmospheric aerosol transmission profiles measured by the MAGIC LIDAR and CTAO FRAM aerosol optical depth maps, we obtain the characterisation of the clouds above the ORM at La Palma needed for data correction and optimal observation scheduling. Keywords: atmospheric effects; gamma-ray astrophysics; active galactic nuclei; very high energy gamma rays; non-thermal; high energy astrophysics Author: Dijana Dominis Prester, Jan Ebr, Markus Gaug, Alexandar Hahn, Ana Babić, Jiří Eliášek, Petr Janeček, Sergey Karpov, Marta Kolarek, Marina Manganaro and Razmik Mirzoyan Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Aug 30 07:24:22 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 30 07:26:34 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 943609 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PIPVPP+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 TJYANT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 FUSQFQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 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DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Atmospheric Monitoring Strategies and Instruments for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: MAGIC Optical LIDAR Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: CTAO FRAM Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Atmospheric Aerosol Transmission Profiles Measured by the MAGIC LIDAR Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: FRAM Aerosol Optical Depth Maps Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Characterisation of the Atmosphere in Very High Energy Gamma-Astronomy for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes Author: いどなちのち〠いはねどのどび〠ぐひづびぴづひ〬〠おちの〠ぅぢひ〬〠きちひにふび〠ぇちふで〬〠ぁぬづへちのつちひ〠えちとの〬〠ぁのち〠あちぢどㄇ〬〠おどㅙロ〠ぅぬどメㅡづに〬〠ぐづぴひ〠おちのづㄍづに〬〠こづひでづべ〠かちひばはぶ〬〠きちひぴち〠かはぬちひづに〬〠きちひどのち〠きちのでちのちひは〠ちのつ〠げちぺねどに〠きどひぺはべちの Subject: Ground-based observations of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma rays from extreme astrophysical sources are significantly influenced by atmospheric conditions. This is due to the atmosphere being an integral part of the detector when utilizing Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). Clouds and dust particles diminish atmospheric transmission of Cherenkov light, thereby impacting the reconstruction of the air showers and consequently the reconstructed gamma-ray spectra. Precise measurements of atmospheric transmission above Cherenkov observatories play a pivotal role in the accuracy of the analysed data, among which the corrections of the reconstructed energies and fluxes of incoming gamma rays, and in establishing observation strategies for different types of gamma-ray emitting sources. The Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), both located on the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM), La Palma, Canary Islands, use different sets of auxiliary instruments for real-time characterisation of the atmosphere. In this paper, historical data taken by MAGIC LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) and CTAO FRAM (F/Photometric Robotic Telescope) are presented. From the atmospheric aerosol transmission profiles measured by the MAGIC LIDAR and CTAO FRAM aerosol optical depth maps, we obtain the characterisation of the clouds above the ORM at La Palma needed for data correction and optimal observation scheduling. 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