64d70d0ee3692b7ee1449a0adeb0f389 agronomy-14-02375-v2.pdf 991f3dea6c289c98d8acd89e9011a7c0c1848869 agronomy-14-02375-v2.pdf ef0ac0d34b547de382b3b5af880c362fd7558b3858a8b079cbc526e73ea07f22 agronomy-14-02375-v2.pdf Title: The Path of African Millets (Pennisetum glaucum and Sorghum bicolor) to Iberia Subject: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely cultivated millet in Africa and India but has not yet been identified in Europe, while the earliest remains of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are attested in Italy in the fifth century AD. This paper presents evidence that pearl millet was introduced to Iberia during the 11th–12th centuries AD. This is the first documented evidence for this African crop in Europe. Sorghum, on the other hand, appears as a later introduction (14th century AD) in Iberia. We present archaeobotanical data from eight Andalusi sites in Valencia and Andalucía (southern Iberia) where both crops have been found. We have also examined medieval textual data where references to pearl millet appeared to be absent, and we conclude that the word “dacsa”, currently used to refer to sorghum, should be understood as a reference to pearl millet. From the 16th century onwards, this term was given to maize, when the American cereal replaced the African millets. Keywords: medieval; archaeobotany; pearl millet; sorghum; agriculture Author: Guillem Pérez-Jordà, Leonor Peña-Chocarro, Diego Sabato, Antonio Peralta Gómez, Agustí Ribera, Pablo García Borja, Joan Negre and Jose María Martín Civantos Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Oct 15 08:52:27 2024 CEST ModDate: Tue Oct 15 08:58:14 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3091277 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- ZSBPMM+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 XVZMQP+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 FQKIHV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 ATBTEU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 KKABWO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 GJRGHS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 VRCDRB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 53 0 FVGOTS+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 73 0 LGTZLE+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 78 0 FPRMGB+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 97 0 FPETRE+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 103 0 FPRMGB+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 109 0 FPUWMR+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 115 0 AXHHQV+TeX-tipa10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 189 0 LYBIRA+wasy10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 194 0 YLIRHS+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 211 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-19 02:42:22 CET RepresentationInformation: agronomy-14-02375-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-18 12:37:12 CET Size: 3091277 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 415 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: A History of Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Africa Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: The European History of Pearl Millet and Sorghum Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Pathways of African Millets into Iberia: A Fascinating Chronicle Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: The Role of African Millets in Medieval Iberian Agriculture Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: The Path of African Millets (Pennisetum glaucum and Sorghum bicolor) to Iberia Author: Guillem Pérez-Jordà, Leonor Peña-Chocarro, Diego Sabato, Antonio Peralta Gómez, Agustí Ribera, Pablo García Borja, Joan Negre and Jose María Martín Civantos Subject: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely cultivated millet in Africa and India but has not yet been identified in Europe, while the earliest remains of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are attested in Italy in the fifth century AD. This paper presents evidence that pearl millet was introduced to Iberia during the 11th 12th centuries AD. This is the first documented evidence for this African crop in Europe. Sorghum, on the other hand, appears as a later introduction (14th century AD) in Iberia. We present archaeobotanical data from eight Andalusi sites in Valencia and Andalucía (southern Iberia) where both crops have been found. We have also examined medieval textual data where references to pearl millet appeared to be absent, and we conclude that the word “dacsa”, currently used to refer to sorghum, should be understood as a reference to pearl millet. From the 16th century onwards, this term was given to maize, when the American cereal replaced the African millets. 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