c618511587ab9c68b4655e0bbd7e2420 pnanex_a2024m11v3n11pgae477.pdf 3e1ec20335d02d148c51ea9d821bad2cd51d6e7b pnanex_a2024m11v3n11pgae477.pdf 1f287d13935361195cf5687df60b0ad8e0f7e4d90958ac4971305393d4b3fcd9 pnanex_a2024m11v3n11pgae477.pdf Title: Asymmetric temperature effect on leaf senescence and its control on ecosystem productivity Subject: DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae477; PNAS Nexus, 3, 11, 2024-10-23.; Abstract: Widespread autumn cooling occurred in the northern hemisphere (NH) during the period 2004–2018, primarily due to the strengthening of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Siberian High. Yet, while there has been considerable focus on the warming impacts, the effects of natural cooling on autumn leaf senescence and plant productivity have been largely overlooked. This gap in knowledge hinders our understanding of how vegetation adapts and acclimates to complex climate change. In this study, we utilize over 36,000 in situ phenological time series from 11,138 European sites dating back to the 1950s, and 30 years of satellite greenness data (1989–2018), to demonstrate that leaf senescence dates (LSD) in northern forests responded more strongly to warming than to cooling in autumn. Specifically, a 1 °C increase in temperature caused 7.5 ± 0.2 days' delay in LSD, whereas a 1 °C decrease led to an advance of LSD with 3 Keywords: Author: Lei He Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4546/W-x64 Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp 4.1.6 by 1T3XT CreationDate: Wed Oct 30 07:08:28 2024 CET ModDate: Wed Jul 16 16:53:59 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 9 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 782.362 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 2611504 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.6 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- NCBMDJ+STIXGeneral-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 27 0 EISVSL+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 28 0 YOODBC+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 30 0 UKMFDD+CaeciliaLTStd-Light Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 29 0 RRWGHH+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 26 0 GJHPPW+ArialMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 1 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 85 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 120 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 111 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 135 0 TeX_Times_Math_Extension Type 1 Builtin yes no yes 160 0 TeX_Times_Math_Symbol Type 1 Builtin yes no yes 161 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-07-17 02:46:45 CEST RepresentationInformation: pnanex_a2024m11v3n11pgae477.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-07-16 17:04:48 CEST Size: 2611504 Format: PDF Version: 1.6 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 1098 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: true NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: OneColumn PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: Asymmetric temperature effect on leaf senescence and its control on ecosystem productivity Destination: head1 Children: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: secpgae477-s1 Children: Item: Title: LSD responses to natural autumn warming and cooling Destination: secpgae477-s1.1 Item: Title: Mechanisms of asymmetric LSD responses to shifts in autumn temperature Destination: secpgae477-s1.2 Item: Title: Links between autumn temperature shifts, LSD responses, and plant productivity Destination: secpgae477-s1.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: secpgae477-s2 Item: Title: Materials and methods Destination: secpgae477-s3 Children: Item: Title: In situ LSD observation Destination: secpgae477-s3.1 Item: Title: Remotely sensed greenness-derived LSD Destination: secpgae477-s3.2 Item: Title: Plant productivity data Destination: secpgae477-s3.3 Item: Title: Process-oriented modeled GPP Destination: secpgae477-s3.4 Item: Title: Climate data Destination: secpgae477-s3.5 Item: Title: Cold degree day Destination: secpgae477-s3.6 Item: Title: Analyses Destination: secpgae477-s3.7 Item: Title: Supplementary Material Destination: secpgae477-s4 Item: Title: Funding Destination: secpgae477-s5 Item: Title: Author Contributions Destination: secpgae477-s6 Item: Title: Data Availability Destination: secpgae477-s7 Item: Title: References Destination: reflist Info: Title: Asymmetric temperature effect on leaf senescence and its control on ecosystem productivity Author: Lei He Subject: DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae477; PNAS Nexus, 3, 11, 2024-10-23.; Abstract: Widespread autumn cooling occurred in the northern hemisphere (NH) during the period 2004–2018, primarily due to the strengthening of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Siberian High. Yet, while there has been considerable focus on the warming impacts, the effects of natural cooling on autumn leaf senescence and plant productivity have been largely overlooked. This gap in knowledge hinders our understanding of how vegetation adapts and acclimates to complex climate change. In this study, we utilize over 36,000 in situ phenological time series from 11,138 European sites dating back to the 1950s, and 30 years of satellite greenness data (1989–2018), to demonstrate that leaf senescence dates (LSD) in northern forests responded more strongly to warming than to cooling in autumn. Specifically, a 1 °C increase in temperature caused 7.5 ± 0.2 days' delay in LSD, whereas a 1 °C decrease led to an advance of LSD with 3 Keywords: Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4546/W-x64 Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp 4.1.6 by 1T3XT CreationDate: Wed Oct 30 07:38:28 CET 2024 ModDate: Wed Jul 16 16:53:59 CEST 2025 ID: 0x8638bfcd7d60ba5c9da608b7f913378f, 0x3ebd45496eefcbda5c468e78a3a4bef6 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: TeX_Times_Math_Extension FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 255 FontDescriptor: FontName: TeX_Times_Math_Extension Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -50, -180, 1000, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: TeX_Times_Math_Symbol FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 255 FontDescriptor: FontName: TeX_Times_Math_Symbol Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -50, -180, 1000, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: RRWGHH+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 47 FontDescriptor: FontName: RRWGHH+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic Flags: Nonsymbolic, Italic FontBBox: -166, -267, 1033, 909 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: NCBMDJ+STIXGeneral-Regular FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 9 FontDescriptor: FontName: NCBMDJ+STIXGeneral-Regular Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -995, -455, 2000, 1055 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: EISVSL+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 29 FontDescriptor: FontName: EISVSL+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Flags: Nonsymbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -170, -277, 1146, 970 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: UKMFDD+CaeciliaLTStd-Light FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 94 FontDescriptor: FontName: UKMFDD+CaeciliaLTStd-Light Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -164, -266, 1130, 908 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: YOODBC+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 54 FontDescriptor: FontName: YOODBC+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold Flags: Nonsymbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -166, -273, 1141, 938 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true TrueType: Font: BaseFont: GJHPPW+ArialMT FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: GJHPPW+ArialMT Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -664, -324, 2000, 1039 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding XMP: uuid:daaf8906-50c3-4b29-a32b-ccf2137fd0d9 uuid:B3EE001C-5ABD-1A6A-E771-7C5D7C2BF7D5 True PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp 4.1.6 by 1T3XT application/pdf 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae477 en Oxford University Press Asymmetric temperature effect on leaf senescence and its control on ecosystem productivity Lei He Jian Wang Josep Peñuelas Constantin M. Zohner Thomas W. Crowther Yongshuo Fu Wenxin Zhang Jingfeng Xiao Zhihua Liu Xufeng Wang Jia-Hao Li Xiaojun Li Shouzhang Peng Yaowen Xie Jian-Sheng Ye Chenghu Zhou Zhao-Liang Li DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae477; PNAS Nexus, 3, 11, 2024-10-23.; Abstract: Widespread autumn cooling occurred in the northern hemisphere (NH) during the period 2004–2018, primarily due to the strengthening of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Siberian High. Yet, while there has been considerable focus on the warming impacts, the effects of natural cooling on autumn leaf senescence and plant productivity have been largely overlooked. This gap in knowledge hinders our understanding of how vegetation adapts and acclimates to complex climate change. In this study, we utilize over 36,000 in situ phenological time series from 11,138 European sites dating back to the 1950s, and 30 years of satellite greenness data (1989–2018), to demonstrate that leaf senescence dates (LSD) in northern forests responded more strongly to warming than to cooling in autumn. Specifically, a 1 °C increase in temperature caused 7.5 ± 0.2 days' delay in LSD, whereas a 1 °C decrease led to an advance of LSD with 3 © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences. Journal PNAS Nexus © The Author(s) 2024. 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