794333d5db077b8a899a33dc8dbeacc6 Small_Farmers_Agricultural_Practices.pdf 9c3e16531fa7fefec5a695b5e61b5dd3bad37af6 Small_Farmers_Agricultural_Practices.pdf 233857546d3900149f77464abe18731b02c6594741326a4c3f1565327701e2c1 Small_Farmers_Agricultural_Practices.pdf Title: Small Farmers’ Agricultural Practices and Adaptation Strategies to Perceived Soil Changes in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy Subject: Farmers have a pivotal responsibility in soil conservation: they can either preserve or deplete it through their choices. The responsibility of agriculture increases when practised in delicate ecosystems, such as lagoonal ones. The Venetian Lagoon islands, which are increasingly subjected to natural and anthropic subsidence, occasional flooding events (acqua alta), and eustatic sea level rise, are constantly exposed to erosive processes that challenge farmers to play with their adaptive capability. This research was carried out on the islands of Sant’Erasmo and Vignole, the most representative of island agriculture in the Venetian Lagoon: they almost exclusively rely on agriculture, which is non-existent in the other islands. This empirical research aimed to explore farmers’ agricultural practices, perceptions of soil changes, and how they adapt to them. It was fundamental for this study that the field research involved direct human contact with farmers (through semi-structured interviews) for data collection and using qualitative methods for data analysis, integrating scientific and non-scientific forms of knowledge and actors. The final purpose was to demonstrate the sustainability (valued on the potential depletion or regeneration capability) of agricultural practices and adaptation strategies on a theoretical basis. Despite their polycultural landscape (maintained by low-input farming systems), escaped from the predominant landscape oversimplification, Sant’Erasmo and Vignole are also subjected to unsustainable agricultural practices, including heavy mechanisation and synthetic inputs. Coupled with natural soil salinity that is exacerbated by increasing drought periods, these practices can contribute to soil degradation and increased salinity. The reported adaptation strategies, such as zeroed, reduced, or more conscious use of machines, were guided by the need to reduce the negative impact of soil changes on productivity. Our research revealed some of them as sustainable and others as unsustainable (such as increasing irrigation to contrast soil salinity). Participatory action research is needed to support farmers in designing effective sustainable agricultural practices and adaptation strategies. Keywords: lagoon of Venice; local and indigenous knowledge; empirical research; agricultural practices; soil erosion; soil salinity; adaptation strategies; sustainable island agriculture Author: Tiziana Floridia, Julia Prakofjewa, Luigi Conte, Giulia Mattalia, Raivo Kalle and Renata Sõukand Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Nov 20 08:57:32 2024 CET ModDate: Wed Nov 20 10:27:39 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 24 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 5512836 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WVTYHZ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 WRUIRS+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 LMVWZE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 GZVOTI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 JFJCFH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 AHSHLD+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 65 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 80 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 86 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 89 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 104 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 107 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 110 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 140 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 143 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 146 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 149 0 LKMMHM+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 163 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 166 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 169 0 LKMIIP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 172 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 178 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 181 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 205 0 LKMIHO+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 208 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 214 0 LKMIIP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 217 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 223 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 226 0 LKMIHN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 240 0 LKMIHO+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 243 0 LKMIIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 249 0 LKMIJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 252 0 LKMINP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 255 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 268 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-01-25 02:45:02 CET RepresentationInformation: Small_Farmers_Agricultural_Practices.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-12-20 06:49:15 CET Size: 5512836 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 444 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Data Collection and Analysis Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Types of Agriculture Practised on Islands Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Agricultural Practices Adopted on Islands Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Inputs (Pesticides and Fertilisers) Used on Islands Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Soil Changes Perceived by Farmers Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: How Have Farmers Adapted to Perceived Soil Changes? Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Agricultural Practices on Islands Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Adaptation Strategies to Perceived Soil Changes Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Small Farmers’ Agricultural Practices and Adaptation Strategies to Perceived Soil Changes in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy Author: Tiziana Floridia, Julia Prakofjewa, Luigi Conte, Giulia Mattalia, Raivo Kalle and Renata Sõukand Subject: Farmers have a pivotal responsibility in soil conservation: they can either preserve or deplete it through their choices. The responsibility of agriculture increases when practised in delicate ecosystems, such as lagoonal ones. The Venetian Lagoon islands, which are increasingly subjected to natural and anthropic subsidence, occasional flooding events (acqua alta), and eustatic sea level rise, are constantly exposed to erosive processes that challenge farmers to play with their adaptive capability. This research was carried out on the islands of Sant’Erasmo and Vignole, the most representative of island agriculture in the Venetian Lagoon: they almost exclusively rely on agriculture, which is non-existent in the other islands. This empirical research aimed to explore farmers’ agricultural practices, perceptions of soil changes, and how they adapt to them. It was fundamental for this study that the field research involved direct human contact with farmers (through semi-structured interviews) for data collection and using qualitative methods for data analysis, integrating scientific and non-scientific forms of knowledge and actors. The final purpose was to demonstrate the sustainability (valued on the potential depletion or regeneration capability) of agricultural practices and adaptation strategies on a theoretical basis. Despite their polycultural landscape (maintained by low-input farming systems), escaped from the predominant landscape oversimplification, Sant’Erasmo and Vignole are also subjected to unsustainable agricultural practices, including heavy mechanisation and synthetic inputs. Coupled with natural soil salinity that is exacerbated by increasing drought periods, these practices can contribute to soil degradation and increased salinity. The reported adaptation strategies, such as zeroed, reduced, or more conscious use of machines, were guided by the need to reduce the negative impact of soil changes on productivity. Our research revealed some of them as sustainable and others as unsustainable (such as increasing irrigation to contrast soil salinity). Participatory action research is needed to support farmers in designing effective sustainable agricultural practices and adaptation strategies. 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