c1a7a01650216bfd3c224c368d2ddd56 foods-13-04135-v2.pdf 1075fee68ae4c8e14f2156c84eb36cdbbdf7b1ed foods-13-04135-v2.pdf 55ebf71ff871bc0489cd6e690c5f8b56678b547003f41cbe502fe247ddbb3269 foods-13-04135-v2.pdf Title: Effect of Genetic Polymorphism of Bovine -Casein Variants (A1 and A2) on Yoghurt Characteristics Subject: The present study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of A2 yoghurts (made with A2A2 -CN milk), in comparison with Control yoghurts (elaborated from conventional milk, a mixture of A1 and A2 -CN milk). The pH, acidity, water-holding capacity, spontaneous syneresis, firmness and color of yoghurts were monitored during their cold storage (4 C) for 35 days. Two independent sensory tests (with expert judges and consumers) were also performed. The A2 yoghurts showed only minor differences in some of their physicochemical and sensory characteristics compared to those made with conventional milk. At specific storage times, the A2 yoghurt exhibited higher levels of acidity, luminosity (L*) and firmness, compared to the Control. No differences were observed in the growth curves of the starter (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) during the yoghurt production, nor in the water-holding capacity or spontaneous syneresis of the two types of gels. Regarding the sensory evaluation of samples, the A2 yoghurts were described as firmer and more adherent (by the expert panel), and brighter and more homogeneous (by the consumers) than the Control. In all cases, both consumers and expert sensory panels showed a preference for the A2 yoghurts. Therefore, these results demonstrate the suitability of A2A2 -CN milk for producing yoghurts with similar characteristics to those obtained with conventional milk. Keywords: A2 -casein; genetic polymorphism; yoghurt; acid coagulation; physicochemical; sensory characteristics Author: Bibiana Juan Godoy, Idoia Codina-Torrella and Antonio-José Trujillo Mesa Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Dec 23 11:06:32 2024 CET ModDate: Mon Dec 23 11:10:16 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1850147 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- XJKHFO+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 10 0 BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 15 0 UGKQFF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 QDULQU+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 26 0 CSYNAK+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 31 0 WYIDXG+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 NNJNDL+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 42 0 SBRCWF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 47 0 HHFREY+EURM7 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 52 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 85 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 105 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 109 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 113 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 120 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 127 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 150 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 154 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 162 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 169 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 176 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 192 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 196 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 200 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 204 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 211 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 218 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 234 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 238 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 242 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 246 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 253 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 260 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 277 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 281 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 285 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 289 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 296 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 303 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-01-17 02:47:57 CET RepresentationInformation: foods-13-04135-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-01-15 05:58:24 CET Size: 1850147 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 460 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Milk Collection Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Yoghurt Production Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Physicochemical Parameters Destination: subsection.2.3 Children: Item: Title: Total Solids, pH, Protein Content and Acidity Destination: subsubsection.2.3.1 Item: Title: Water-Holding Capacity (WHC) and Spontaneous Syneresis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.2 Item: Title: Color and Texture Destination: subsubsection.2.3.3 Item: Title: Microbiological Analyses Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Sensory Characteristics Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Genetics of Cows Included in This Study Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Total Solids and Protein Content Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Microbiological Counts of Starters Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: pH and Acidity Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Water-Holding Capacity and Spontaneous Syneresis Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Color and Texture Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Sensory Evaluation of Yoghurts Destination: subsection.3.7 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Effect of Genetic Polymorphism of Bovine -Casein Variants (A1 and A2) on Yoghurt Characteristics Author: Bibiana Juan Godoy, Idoia Codina-Torrella and Antonio-José Trujillo Mesa Subject: The present study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of A2 yoghurts (made with A2A2 -CN milk), in comparison with Control yoghurts (elaborated from conventional milk, a mixture of A1 and A2 -CN milk). The pH, acidity, water-holding capacity, spontaneous syneresis, firmness and color of yoghurts were monitored during their cold storage (4 C) for 35 days. Two independent sensory tests (with expert judges and consumers) were also performed. The A2 yoghurts showed only minor differences in some of their physicochemical and sensory characteristics compared to those made with conventional milk. At specific storage times, the A2 yoghurt exhibited higher levels of acidity, luminosity (L*) and firmness, compared to the Control. No differences were observed in the growth curves of the starter (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) during the yoghurt production, nor in the water-holding capacity or spontaneous syneresis of the two types of gels. Regarding the sensory evaluation of samples, the A2 yoghurts were described as firmer and more adherent (by the expert panel), and brighter and more homogeneous (by the consumers) than the Control. In all cases, both consumers and expert sensory panels showed a preference for the A2 yoghurts. Therefore, these results demonstrate the suitability of A2A2 -CN milk for producing yoghurts with similar characteristics to those obtained with conventional milk. Keywords: A2 -casein; genetic polymorphism; yoghurt; acid coagulation; physicochemical; sensory characteristics Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Dec 23 11:06:32 CET 2024 ModDate: Mon Dec 23 11:10:16 CET 2024 ID: 0x650566a252b55e99dbad51f997e97ca7, 0x650566a252b55e99dbad51f997e97ca7 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: HHFREY+EURM7 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 12 FontDescriptor: FontName: HHFREY+EURM7 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -5, -243, 1229, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: WYIDXG+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 248 FontDescriptor: FontName: WYIDXG+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: UGKQFF+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 145 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: UGKQFF+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: MPUDFL+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 68 LastChar: 68 FontDescriptor: FontName: MPUDFL+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: XJKHFO+EURB10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 20 FontDescriptor: FontName: XJKHFO+EURB10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -30, -247, 1178, 723 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: QDULQU+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 20 FontDescriptor: FontName: QDULQU+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: NNJNDL+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 39 LastChar: 124 FontDescriptor: FontName: NNJNDL+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 178 LastChar: 178 FontDescriptor: FontName: BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: SBRCWF+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 21 FontDescriptor: FontName: SBRCWF+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CSYNAK+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: CSYNAK+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 64, 291, 152, 300 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 281, 81, 288 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 149, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 117, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 660, 151, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 660, 270, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 660, 432, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 202, 287, 211 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 190, 477, 199 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 164, 495, 174 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 140, 481, 148 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 484, 139, 491, 148 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 114, 282, 123 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 114, 289, 123 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 102, 443, 111 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 77, 340, 86 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 107, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 365, 87, 384 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 517, 706, 529, 715 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 643, 230, 652 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 631, 495, 639 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 593, 345, 602 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 593, 357, 602 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 580, 461, 589 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 580, 556, 589 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 517, 262, 526 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 480, 399, 489 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 200, 556, 212 ActionDest: 79 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 513, 284, 522 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 488, 386, 497 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 413, 235, 422 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 249, 253, 258 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 328, 111, 340, 120 ActionDest: 313 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 98, 268, 110 ActionDest: 79 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 89, 461, 98 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 89, 473, 98 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 88, 489, 98 ActionDest: 313 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 731, 455, 740 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 656, 229, 665 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 605, 556, 614 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 505, 358, 514 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 505, 370, 514 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 505, 383, 514 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 464, 225, 476 ActionDest: 93 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 655, 366, 665 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 656, 379, 665 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 628, 390, 640 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 593, 478, 602 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 372, 220, 384 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 349, 449, 358 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 274, 329, 283 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 274, 342, 283 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 271, 444, 283 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 236, 463, 245 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 183, 231, 195 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 161, 254, 170 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 741, 529, 753 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 668, 230, 677 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 643, 375, 652 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 640, 470, 652 ActionDest: 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 338, 590, 345, 602 ActionDest: 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 555, 475, 564 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 530, 498, 539 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 505, 555, 514 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 249, 225, 261 ActionDest: 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 126, 225, 135 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 8 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 741, 305, 753 ActionDest: 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 681, 242, 690 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 618, 294, 627 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 555, 214, 564 ActionDest: 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 186, 363, 195 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 473, 184, 480, 196 ActionDest: 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 86, 276, 95 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 86, 289, 95 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 706, 298, 715 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 640, 224, 652 ActionDest: 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 565, 496, 577 ActionDest: 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 143, 282, 155 ActionDest: 269 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 616, 538, 627 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 593, 557, 604 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 582, 95, 593 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 548, 96, 558 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 524, 281, 535 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 501, 463, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 478, 557, 491 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 467, 95, 478 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 421, 141, 431 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 397, 446, 408 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 329, 160, 339 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 305, 438, 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 282, 473, 293 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 271, 473, 282 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 202, 512, 213 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 179, 260, 190 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 179, 302, 190 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 134, 193, 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 134, 236, 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 110, 371, 121 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 110, 413, 121 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 87, 259, 98 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 730, 390, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 730, 433, 741 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 683, 395, 694 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 380, 660, 417, 671 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 614, 512, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 614, 554, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 591, 435, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 591, 477, 602 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 112, 535, 150, 545 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 535, 192, 545 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 476, 557, 487 Checksum: 4fbf138c Type: CRC32 Checksum: c1a7a01650216bfd3c224c368d2ddd56 Type: MD5 Checksum: 1075fee68ae4c8e14f2156c84eb36cdbbdf7b1ed Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 55ebf71ff871bc0489cd6e690c5f8b56678b547003f41cbe502fe247ddbb3269 Type: SHA-256